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[No. 3, 
R B. Shaw— A Grammar of the Language 
Ex. : Liz-ga ham zakat-nlxg suabi-ni tap-qxj-diq # Hr ish-ni 
Us to also customs of merit (acc.) likely-to-obtain one work (ace.) 
buyur-sunlar. viz., 44 Command to us also some work that may he likely to 
command. 
obtain (for us) the merit of customs (paying).” 
9. A conditional sentence is usually expressed without any 4 if’ by 
putting the verb into the Potential: 
Ex. : 44 Shut JButkhana-ning tam-i-ni siz qujpar-sa'ngizA 
Lit. That Idol-temple of wall (acc.) you may raise. 
viz., 44 If you raise,” &c., or “ should you raise.” 
10. With the adverb 4 ilgarV meaning before, the verb (in the form 
of the Infinitive Verbal Subst.) is put in the negative: 
Ex. : Til Sultan bu ‘alam-gha kel-MAS-din nichand yil ilgari : 
that Sultan this world to coming not than several years before 
English— 4 some years before that Sultan had come into this world.’ 
(Cf. 44 avant qu’il ne fut venu au monde.”) 
So also with the verbal affix 44 ghuncha,” 44 whilst”, to produce the 
meaning 4 until.’ 
Ex. : mulaqcit 6o7-ma-ghu]VCHA= 4 whilst a visit had not been paid’ or 
visit being not whilst 
4 till a visit was paid.’ 
(Cf. 44 tant qu’une visite n ’avait pas ete faite.”) 
11. There are two ways of quoting a statement made by another per¬ 
son (or an opinion ascribed to him), answering to the English forms : («) 
That which professes to give the very words of the speaker in inverted 
commas ; (b) 44 He said that” followed by the third person (of the supposed 
speaker). 
substituted for hi or gi grammatically though not idiomatically : Turkistdn-da ikan 
Ichalq Musalman boldi “ the people that are in Turkistan have (has) become Musalman.” 
At waning ikan, eshak saning ikan “ the horse (is) what is mine , the ass what is thine.’* 
Kin ikan ddam yetmadi “ the man who is (or was) behind has not arrived.” (This may 
be shown to be grammatically a correct form, by substituting other verbs : e. g. Turn 
kistan-da ^mj’Ghan hhalq, “the people who stay in Turkistan” ; kin qdlG han ddam “the 
man who remains behind” ; waning LoIguan at “ the horse which becomes mine.”) So 
that the particle hi or gi in all the meanings described respectively under Pronouns, 
p. 232, under Adjectives of Relation, p. 279, and as taking the place of the English relative 
pronoun, here p. 283—in all these applications seems to be a corruption of the Participle 
ikan or ikin of the verb substantive. 
It must not be confounded, as some grammarians have done, with the conjunction 
him (Persian kill) used in that language and in Osmanli Turkish to supply the place of 
a relative Pronoun but which is really a mere “ connective ” having the Personal Pro¬ 
nouns understood (or expressed) after it. See Forbes’ Persian Gram. § 68 : e. g. An kiii 
chun pistah di dam- ask liawa maghz “ He whom I saw See.” Lit. “ He, that I saw him See” 
* Here tdp-qu-diq is the Participle of Probability ; so that this sentence is of the 
form described above under § 8 («). 
