318 
11. B. Shaw— A Grammar of the Language 
[No. 3, 
While to express the other meaning without leaving a doubt, the re¬ 
flective pronoun would be dispensed with, and the demonstrative used, viz. 
‘Ali Ya‘qub-ni aning ui-da Jcor-di = Ali saw Ya‘qub in his (Ya‘qub’s) 
house. 
It is the same with the other cases (oz taking the proper possessive 
affix of the person) : Ex. man oz-OM-ni urdum “ I struck myself.” 
Ya‘qub bz-i-din qurqti “ Ya'qub feared (from) himself.” 
13. There being no verb “ to have,” its sense is expressed by means 
of the impersonal verb bar “ there is.” 
(«) by putting the subject in the locative : 
Ex. : man-da at bar — there is to me ( i. e., “ I have”) a horse. 
Yadshah-da Hi bar = there is to the king a house, i. e ., the king 
has a house.” 
( 'b ) by putting the (English) subject in the genitive ; and the (Eng¬ 
lish) object in the possessed form of the proper person: 
Ex. : JSLaning dt-im bar “ my horse exists” or “ I have a horse.” 
Yadsliah-ning dt-i bar “ the king’s horse is (or exists),” i. e., 
“ the king has a horse.” 
Of course with the addition of the demonstrative pronoun the verb 
bar would resume its simple meaning of “ is.” 
Ex. Btj mailing at-im bar = “ this is my horse.” 
14. The passive forms of intransitive verbs are not inrpossible in 
Turki. Sometimes they are in point of meaning the passive of the cau¬ 
sative rather than of the primary intransitive verb, which can of course 
have no passive logically [See “ Secondary verbs, II,” note at end]. But 
often again they take a kind of impersonal sense answering to the French 
form in “ onY Thus with bar-mag “ to go ;” bar-il-di is its passive past 
tense, 3rd person singular. Literally it would be translated “ it has been 
gone,” which comes to mean “ one has gone” “ on est alle ’.” 
15. The Noun of the agent in chi governs the same case as the pri¬ 
mary verb, as also do all other verbal forms. 
Ex. : iojeeae-ni yoq-qelgliu-chi. “ A destroyer (of) infidels (acc.). 
16. To represent the expressions which employ the infinitive in 
European tongues, the Turki employs its own infinitive or other verbal 
noun as a noun in the accusative or other case. 
Ex. : qel-maq-ki JcVahlai-man = I wish to do. 
the doing (acc.) wish I 
Yelghdn aitmak gunah dur — to tell lies is a sin. 
Or the form in gali may be used, answering to English “ in order to.” 
Ex. : ultur-gali buyur-di = he commanded to kill, or, he gave orders 
for the killing. 
al-ghali kel-dim = I came (in order) to take. 
