PAPILIO III., IV., Y. 
longues buried in the sweet flowrets, so that one can pick them off with the fin¬ 
gers. More than once I have noticed them hanging late in the evening, and 
doubted not they would so pass the night. 
Turnus has many enemies, birds and dragon-flies by day, and probably small 
owls and others by night. In spite of their expanse of wing and power of flight, 
the larger Libelludse will pounce on them in mid-air, and carry them away. On 
several occasions I have known this to happen. I scarcely ever go into the 
garden of a midsummer morning that I do not see severed wings of Papilios 
and of some of the large bombycid moths upon the ground, and can only ac¬ 
count for so much destruction at night by crediting it to the owls, which are 
not at all uncommon. 
The eggs are always liable to discovery by spiders and ants; and when the 
larvae do emerge, some are destroyed by the same foes ; others are stung by 
ichneumon flies, and either while larvae or in chrysalis inevitably perish. And 
when at last a chrysalis is formed, it is exposed to peril from new enemies, squir¬ 
rels, mice, birds, and one would think few could possibly survive the long months 
of winter with such a risk of destruction. As each female Turnus lays about 
two hundred eggs, and there are in this region several broods in the season, the 
species would soon swarm were it not for these natural checks. As it is, it barely 
holds its ground, and in some years, as in 1876, the early over-wintering brood 
seems almost lost. 
Throughout the South and West there are three annual broods of Turnus, and 
about fifty per cent, of the chrysalids of the first brood of the season pass the 
winter, so far as my experience shows, as do all the chrysalids of the last, or 
early fall brood, both giving butterflies at the same time the following spring. 
As to the intervening, or midsummer brood, although all chrysalids of this bred 
by me have passed the winter, yet as fresh butterflies are common the last of 
August and first of September, I infer that they come from the midsummer 
brood. In looking over my journal for several years past, I find that eggs laid 
3d June produced chrysalids 1-8 July, and such of the butterflies as emerged 
the same year, did so between 23d July and 11th August. This was the first 
brood from eggs of the season. Eggs laid 17th July gave chrysalids 20th and 
25th August. This would be the second, or midsummer brood. Eggs laid 22d 
August gave chrysalids 10th October and after. This, therefore, was the third 
brood of the season. But all the periods are apt to be irregular, and between 
the dates of these regular broods, I have bred several others. Thus eggs laid 
6th July, gave chrysalids in the first days of September; eggs laid 31st July, 
gave the same in middle of September ; and* eggs laid 13th August, gave chrysa¬ 
lids early in October; these broods falling between the first and second, and sec- 
