HELICONIA I. 
branch, and being now out of the shell, the wings soon grew, and in another 
hour or so the insect flew off. 
“November 11th, discovered two chrysalids of Charitonia on the same plant, 
about two inches apart, but as much as two feet from the nearest passion-vine. 
No. 1 was not discolored, No. 2 a little. To each chrysalis two males were 
attached. They would let go when touched, those on No. 2 hesitating; how¬ 
ever, all would return at once. On both chrysalids 1 noticed that the bodies of 
the males were bent up, that is, off from the chrysalis, and the pressure exer¬ 
cised in former observations was not yet applied by the males. Apparently 
they simply kept hold so as to be on hand when things developed. 
“ November 12th ; No. 1 was forsaken; to No. 2 four or five males clung, 
heads down, bodies still bent up; they leave only to feed. 
“ November 13th; No. 1 still forsaken, but in course of the day males flocked 
to it, their bodies still bent up; were frightened away readily. 
“ November 14th; No. 1 had all the attention of the males, while No. 2 re¬ 
mained forsaken, the bodies now touching the chrysalis, but almost midway of 
the abdomen of the pupa, not at the extremity. 
“Later; two males had taken firm hold, as in previous observations, touch¬ 
ing at the end of abdomen of pupa ; would not let go, but had to be picked off. 
“ Later ; I found a pair in copulation on the ground. Now I examined No. 2 
and found the imago nearly developed, but dead, and this explains why the 
chrysalis was forsaken. 
“ During this observation I noticed that the males would alight on the chrysa¬ 
lis as they do on flowers, then wheel around quickly, head down, body up. 
“November 14th ; my attention was attracted by a flock of six or eight Chari¬ 
tonia butterflies on the edge of woods, flying around an object which, on inspec¬ 
tion, I found to be a chrysalis.” 
Dr. Wittfeld’s observations settle this : that in H. Charitonia the males are 
able, by some means, to distinguish the presence of a female in chrysalis, at least 
from the time when discoloration of the shell commences ; that the attraction 
becomes stronger as the imago nears its emergence, that the females show no such 
attraction toward a male in chrysalis, and that males do not attract males. It is 
not unusual to find female butterflies of certain species, as Papilio Ajax, so lately 
out of chrysalis that the wings are at least limp, coupled with perfectly devel¬ 
oped males, but I have not myself observed a case where the connection took 
place the instant the female broke from its shell, or even before the wings 
' © 
were expanded. Certainly I have never known of male butterflies watching 
the advent of a female one moment, much more, for hours and days, nor have 
I read of such an occurrence. 
» 
