GRAPTA III. 
He compares the figures of Satyrus and Zephyrus with examples of C Album in his cabinet, and finds re¬ 
semblances thus: “ I have now before me both sexes (of C Album), of which the male is indeed not quite so 
darkly spotted on the upper side as Zephyrus, but it is darker than Satyrus, and agrees with Zephyrus in 
the presence of a dentation by the side of the chief one of the hind wing, while on the under side it might 
be taken for Satyrus, Fig. 2. The considerably larger female agrees in the indentations and the coloration of 
hind wing with Satyrus, Fig. 1. But why then are the caterpillars (of Zephyrus and Satyrus ) so different? 
Can the caterpillar (Fig. 8, Zephyrus ), which looks like the never otherwise drawn C Album, in its varia¬ 
tions come to resemble Fig. 4 (Satyrus), in California? I believe not. But I am mindful of the fact that the 
author did not have the caterpillars before him alive, but only received the drawings from California. There¬ 
fore I suspect that the caterpillar of Faunus has by mistake been given for Zephyrus. If this suspicion be 
correct, there can be no reason against declaring Faunus to be C Album, and uniting Zephyrus with Satyrus, 
at least as Variety B.” This last line seems to imply that Faunus is same as C Album type, and the other 
two are the Variety B ; but as Faunus is before stated to be only Variety B, I conclude that Professor Zeller 
regards Satyrus and Zephyrus as probably sub-varieties of Faunus or of Var. B. 
Quite recently I have received from Mr. H. B. Moschler a paper by himself on the genera of European 
butterflies, in which he thus says : “At all events, C Album flies in North America. It is impossible for me, 
at least, to discover any difference between this and the North American species separated by Edwards as 
Faunus .” 
It would be satisfactory to have the type C Album pointed out and agreed upon. Plainly in England it is 
something quite different from Faunus, so different that Faunus is declared to be a distinct species. Dr. 
Staudinger says it is near Satyrus. Professor Zeller says that Faunus is Variety B, separated from the type, 
therefore, by another variety, A. Mr. Moschler can see no difference between C Album and Faunus. The 
truth is, no man knows, what is the typical C Album. The descriptions of Linnaeus and of Fabricius read 
simply thus : “ Upper side fulvous, with black spots ; hind wings beneath marked by a white C.” This deter¬ 
mines nothing. The next species described by Linnaeus is C Aureum, which was formerly supposed to be 
what we call Interroyationis, but is now understood to be another species, G. Angelica, Cramer, from Asia, and 
word for word even to the white C, the diagnosis is the same. So that we must look elsewhere for help in 
this matter. Kirby, Syn. Cat. of Diur. Lepid., after citing these two authors, next refers to Esper. Eur. 
Schmett., PI. 13, lig. 3, for a figure of C Album, apparently the first colored figure of the species after the time 
of Linnaeus. Turning to this Plate I find set down as C Album what I should consider a fair representation 
of the American species G. Comma. It is very unlike Faunus. Kirby cites as a synonym, Esper, PI. 59, 
Fig. 3. But Esper says this is Var. C Album, and therefore it cannot be the type. The upper side of 
this figuie resembles the female of Alarsyas, as shown on my Plate. Making allowance for the coarseness of 
Esper s drawing, it is Alarsyas if anything, and is a long way from Faunus. But the under sixle is unlike 
either sex of Alarsyas. The ground is colored in two shades of brown, nothing else. The marginal and extra- 
discal spots are conspicuous and green, and in this alone is there a suggestion of Faunus, a species which has 
the under side marbled in half a dozen colors. I think it probable that this figure was meant to represent a 
form, or species, of which I have four examples sent me from England as C Album, and with which Mr. 
Stainton, of course, was familiar. It is small as compared with Faunus, the tails longer in proportion and 
, a 1 the anal an_^le much more prolonged, the upper side more macular, much as in many Satyrus 
or Alarsyas. The underside is brown, light and dark, over basal area; the extra-discal area light brown 
with some gray ; the spots are green, and the apical area of primaries is olivaceous. This is not Faunus, but 
if there is any European form of C Album nearer I have not seen it, though I have brought together all the 
varieties which I have been able to beg or buy to illustrate C Album. Several of these have an excess of 
yellow on under side, and one female would pass for Dryas, if taken here; that is, the under side is honey- 
vellow, densely streaked with ferruginous. I conclude, therefore, that the type of C Album is uncertain. It 
means one thing to one collector, and something different to the next. It is like Comma, like Satyrus, like 
Alarsyas, like Faunus, like Zephyrus , and of course like Rusticus, as I shall soon hear. If Esper’s Plate fixes 
the type, as I think it must, the true C Album is like Comma. 
Now, thanks to the zeal and skill of Messrs. Mead and Baron, Satyrus and Zephyrus are lifted out of the 
dust of this contest and stand in serene security alongside of Comma. That is, three good species are already 
established out of what expert lepidopterists in Europe have asserted to be C Album or varieties thereof. There 
