GRAPTA III. 
most unlikely that in Em-ope and Asia one form like Comma and others like Satyrus, Faunus, and Zepliyrus 
can be but one species and its varieties. In other words, I believe that several good species have been con¬ 
founded under the name C Album, and that it needs no long-continued labor of a few intelligent workers to 
prove it so. But sitting in one’s closet and speculating on dried butterflies will not do this, to the end of time. 
If the day ever comes, when by breeding from the female, the conjectures of our European friends are proved 
to be correct, and a dozen well-marked forms are proved to be mere varieties of but one species, no one will 
be more pleased than myself, if I live to hear of it. It will be a most interesting, Indeed a wonderful biologi¬ 
cal fact, considering that in America what ajipear — that is, in the opinion of some experts — to be identical 
forms have reached the standing of species. For this certainly is the standing of these American forms. 
Their differences are permanent, and they breed true, showing no tendency to run into each other. What 
more could be said? But, however unlikely it may seem that these forms are mere varieties in Europe, it 
will not do to declare that such a thing is impossible, for there would appear to be no reason in the nature of 
things why in one part of the world a certain assemblage of forms, be they animals or plants, might not be 
true varieties of one species (proved to be so, not guessed), and in another part similar forms might not have 
reached the rank of species. Every one who believes in the evolution of species must assent to that. 
Therefore let us have the facts. And there is but one way to reach them, namely, to begin at the founda¬ 
tion, to breed from the female of each supposed variety of C Album. Till that is done, I insist that nothing is 
really known about C Album. It has been well said, “ Indefinite knowledge is definite ignorance.” 
July, 1879. ° W. H . E. 
GRAPTA ZEPIIYRUS. 
Grapta Zepliyrus, Edwards, But. N. Am., Yol. I., p. 123, PI. 40. 
Mature Larya. — Length one inch. 
Cylindrical, the segments well rounded; general color black; at either end of 
segments three to five on dorsal surface a pale yellow line, the remaining seg¬ 
ments similarly lined with white ; a more or less distinct pale yellow medio-dorsal 
line extends over two, three, and sometimes four; armed with seven rows of 
spines, one dorsal and three lateral; these spines are stout at base, rather long, 
taper to a point, and give out from the end a sharp bristle; several similar 
bristles about each spine; those of dorsal and first lateral rows from three to six 
are reddish, and their bases and the spaces between them are of same hue; from 
seven to twelve the spines of these three rows have their bases white, and this 
color predominates in the marbling of the dorsal surface, so that what remains 
of the black ground resembles a series of arrow heads pointing backward, the 
dorsal spine arising at the base of the barbs of the arrow; the white color extends 
some distance up the base of the dorsals and first laterals from seven to twelve, 
and these, as well the others on anterior segments, are tipped with black; all 
other spines, including the second and third lateral rows and their branches, are 
black; on two is a dorsal collar of short, simple spines, each with pale bristle at 
top; at the sides of body are many small pale tubercles, each tipped with a pale 
hair; under side dark brown ; feet black, fore-legs brown; head small, sub-cordate, 
the vertices high, conical, each ending in a stout branching process, the branches 
near top being short and divergent; at base of these processes, in front and at 
