LIMENITIS I. 
beyond the ventral, and the skin fitted tightly on the anterior parts, but at the 
last segments was loosening and packing in a mass. As the skin on the dor¬ 
sal side was pushed back to the tenth segment, a violent and somewhat pro¬ 
tracted effort began for the extrication of the tail of the chrysalis from the 
skin, and the abdominal segments were successively expanded and contracted 
to an extreme degree, while the chrysalis rose steadily towards the button of 
silk and grasped it with the booklets on the end of the anal pads, after an 
extraordinary and convulsive struggle, in which it threw itself almost up to a 
line horizontal with the silk. Observations recently made on the pupation of the 
Nymphalidae, by Dr. J. A. Osborne and others, show that the chrysalis at the 
crisis of pupation is supported by a membrane or ligament formed of the inner 
coat of the larval skin, which catches on two knobs or points developed about 
same time on the anterior edge of the last segment of the chrysalis, and so holds 
the chrysalis till the hooks are caught in the silk. It has hitherto been assumed 
that the support was found in the grasping of the skin between the segments of 
the chrysalis. 
When the chrysalis of Proserpina rested, it was greatly stretched and quite 
different in shape from what it soon after became. At first it measured .95 inch 
long, the head case was very short, and the wing cases measured but .3 inch in 
length, reaching just over the upper edge of seventh segment, and were scarcely 
raised above the surface of the thorax. The dorsal appendage was but little 
rounded, not very prominent, and its edge was blunt instead of sharp, the sides 
swollen instead of excavated. Moreover, it was equally curved at both ends. 
In course of an hour the abdominal segments had telescoped, the wing cases had 
crept to the top of eighth segment, lengthening one tenth inch, and were much 
elevated, giving the hunched form to the chrysalis which is characteristic of the 
genus; the head case had thrust itself out, the mesonotuin become rounded and 
very prominent, and the dorsal appendage was unevenly rounded at the ends, 
thin, sharp, excavated on its sides. The chrysalis finally measured .8 instead of 
.95 inch. 
I had lost some of the larvae during the winter and brought but four to 
chrysalis. From these chrysalids emerged three Lamina and one Proserpina, 
which last is shown on the Plate (Fig. 5). As may be seen, this is very near 
Ursula . In Vol. I. is figured a male with the white bands largely developed, 
and examples may be taken in the Catskills showing every grade between these 
extremes. 
