THIRTEENTH CENTURY 
37 
The fruit was supplied to Edward I. at Newcastle, York, 
Pontefract, Berwick, and various places in the North. This 
date was the commencement of the wars with Scotland, at the 
time of Bruce and Baliol, when Edward held his Parliament 
at Newcastle, and then at Berwick. It is curious to think 
that such great events should be the means of revealing the 
names of the best-known pears of the period. There are still 
most of the S. Rule, or “ Regul pears/' as they are written in 
this account, and they are bought in quantities, as in the 
earlier bills, the cost being usually 3s. per hundred, but some¬ 
times only iod. for the same amount. The pears which come 
next after the “ Regul," in the frequency of the entries and 
quantities, are the “ Calluewell," or “ Cal well," and the “ pas 
pucell," or “ pase pucell," and “ Martins " are also mentioned, 
all these four sorts being also found in the Earl of Lincoln’s 
accounts, the prices varying from 4s. to 8d. per hundred. 
Besides these, there occur “ Dieyes " (or “ dreyes "), “ sorell," 
“ chyrfoll," and “ gold knopes " pears—also apples, quinces, 
called “ coynes," chestnuts, “ chasteynes," 1 and “ great nuts." 
The only kind of apple specially noticed is the Costard. The 
name of this variety, which was the most popular of apples for 
many centuries, has been preserved in the word “ coster¬ 
monger," originally a seller of this fruit. At Oxford, in 1296, 
the Costard apple was sold for is. per hundred, and the price 
of twenty-nine Costard apple-trees, in 1325, was 3s. 2 It is 
spoken of by early writers as a distinct fruit, in the same way 
as Wardons and pears. Grosseteste mentions them as “ apples 
and Costards." 3 Another popular variety of apple was the 
Pearmain. At an early date we find it being used for cider. 
In the sixth year of King John a certain Robert de Evermere 
held the lordship of Runham in the Hundred of East Flegg, 
in Norfolk, by petty serjeanty, by the payment of two hundred 
Pearmains and four hogsheads (modios) of wine, made of Pear- 
mains, into the Exchequer, on the feast of St. Michael yearly. 4 
1 Pipe Roll (printed 1884, vol. i.), 5 Henry II., 3s. for chestnuts 
{“ castanear ”) sent to the Queen at Salisbury. 
2 Thorold Rogers, History of Agricultural Prices . 
3 Sloane MS. 686. “ Tretyse off Housbandry that Mayster Groshede 
made.” 
4 Blomefield, Hist, of Norfolk, vol. v., p. 1378, ed. 1775. 
