DAWN OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING 
233 
The same idea was carried out at Badminton,where the avenues 
extended for miles into the country, and met at a distant 
point. 1 This is all quite beyond the scope of a garden, and 
therefore beyond my subject; but as now the time has been 
reached when, according to Walpole, “ Kent leapt the fence 
and saw all nature was a garden/' it was necessary to take a 
glance beyond. 
To the lovers of flowers a garden was always a garden ; under 
their protection, horticulture and botany were making steady 
progress, in spite of the new rage for merging the garden in the 
park. The workers in the practical branches of gardening were 
many. Richard Bradley, Philip Miller, Thomas Fairchild, and 
John Lawrence were among the most famous. Bradley was 
a very voluminous writer on Natural History, Gardening, and 
Botany. 2 He entered into various questions concerning the 
growth of plants, the movements of the sap, and fertilization. 
“ The sap of plants/' he wrote, “ circulates much after the same 
manner as the Fluids do in Animal Bodies." On fertilization 
he says he received “ many hints from a gentleman of Paris and 
Mr. Samuel Moreland . . . how the pollen powder (or male 
dust) fertilizes the embryo seeds in the ovary." Probably the 
“ gentleman of Paris " was Sebastien Vaillant (1669-1722), who 
wrote on the subject, and agreed with the theories first pro¬ 
pounded by Dr. Grew and Thomas Middleton, Ray, and others, 
regarding the sexes of plants. Samuel Moreland wrote a paper 
for the Royal Society in 1703 ; his theory varying only slightly 
from the others as to the process by which the pollen reached 
the ovary. Scientists made experiments on plants to prove 
their theories, and practical gardeners were not slow in giving 
their help. The natural result was that, before long, they 
succeeded in improving and increasing the varieties of well- 
known species. Bradley instances examples of cross fertiliza 
tion, as shown by the changes of colours in auriculas and tulips, 
and by a plant in Fairchild's garden grown from carnation seed 
fertilized by the pollen of the Sweet William. 
Fairchild's garden at Hoxton was the scene of many experi¬ 
ments. Bradley frequently refers to him as one of the most 
* Kip’s views, see Britannia Illustvata, 1709. 
* New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, 1717, etc. 
