278 A HISTORY OF GARDENING IN ENGLAND 
many foreigners have been engaged in the same quest, and 
English gardens benefited equally by their discoveries. 
The number of roses in our gardens now is infinite, and a 
very large proportion only became known in this country 
during last century. In addition to the old-fashioned species, 
the Gallica, the Damask, Sulphurea, Scotch, Austrian, Moss, 
Sempervirens, and Musk, there are now many more species, 
besides endless hybrids. Most of the new species have come 
from Eastern Asia. The little Banksian Rose came from 
China in 1807, and smaller Fairy Rose in 1810; the Tea- 
scented Rose about the same time, Monthly Roses in 1789, 
and multiflora in 1822. Since then numerous varieties have 
been added—Boursault’s, Noisette, Polyantha, Bourbon, and 
so on. In the Catalogue of the great nurseryman, Loddiges, 
in Hackney, in 1826, there are “ no less than 1,393 species and 
varieties of Roses,” numbered as existing in their nurseries, 
and Lee, of Hammersmith, also had great quantities. Ever 
since then roses have been multiplying yearly. Before 1850 
many roses which still hold their own, such as Devoniensis or 
Souvenir de la Malmaison, were already being grown. In 1861- 
1862 Paul 1 brought out as many as sixty-two new varieties, 
and during the next ten years he added many more, including 
such favourites as Marechal Niel, Louis Van Houtte, and Paul 
Neron. This profusion of roses is still being added to year 
by year by growers in this country, and also largely by im¬ 
portations from abroad, particularly from France. Several 
conspicuous classes were added to the already lengthy list 
towards the end of the century. “ Lord Penzance ” hybrid 
briars were a new departure, and even more conspicuous were 
the numerous freely-blooming ramblers, such as “ Turner’s 
Crimson ” and “ Dorothy Perkins,” and many others, which 
have transformed the aspect of summer gardens. The Rosa 
rugosa of Japan, although brought from there in 1845, was not 
much cultivated until some forty years later, and equally dis¬ 
tinct are the fresh strains developed from Rosa Wichuriana. 
The roses in favour during the middle of the century inclined 
towards stiffness, and growers aimed at extremely double, 
evenly circular blooms, with sweet scent and strong colours. 
1 The Rose-Garden , by Wm. Paul. Ninth edition, 1888. 
