PEDIGREE INHERITANCE. 
409 
€ o m e ou t —a 11 of which can be traced to the pedigree. 
There are two kinds of dominance, W zv, -either one 
of the two parental breeds predominates, from 
which the other sp r a n g (average ratio 3:1), or 
neither of the parental breeds, but a third breed 
predominates, the common ancestor, from w h i c h 
both parental b r e e d s s p r a n g (a v*e r a g e ratio 1 : '2 : 1). 
There occur also, specially interesting, cases in which the inheritance of 
some of the properties shows pronounced dominance (uniformity), while, 
on the other hand, the inheritance of all the other properties does not show 
the slightest trace of dominance ; this course of things is generally characte¬ 
ristic of the crosses between such distantly-related breeds, whose similar 
properties, proved as dominants, represent, as regards their full pedigrees, 
a majority over the corresponding but different properties, while, on the 
other hand, all the other properties of the two breeds, the corresponding 
properties of the ancestors included, are different. 1 I had met no example, 
either in my own experience, or in the scientific heredity literature, or in 
breeders’ publications, in which I could identify, on the basis of pedigrees, 
dominance and preponderance of common ancestral type or similar 
properties. There is nò contradiction between this statement and such 
relatively rarer and seemingly strange cases, where characteristics of 
new origin were found as dominant, and ancestral properties as reces¬ 
sive. In each of these cases the fact can be shown, by means of the 
authentic data of the histories of the respective (domestic) breeds, that 
the breed which exhibited its new characters as «dominants», — or another 
breed with similar properties — had a share in the composition of the 
other, the «ancestral» properties of which were proved to be «récessives» 
when crossed with the former. Knowing the origin and composition of the 
breeds, knowing the qualities of the specimens — and of their ancestors — 
which are intended to be crossed, or knowing, in a word, their pedigrees, 
1 When I crossed the Fox-Terrier and the Dachshund, I found, that the all black 
and tan colour of the latter is a dominant, and the white, black and tan (i. e. pied) colour 
of the former a recessive character, while, on the other hand, the inheritance of type, make 
and shape, or that of all the other points of these two breeds, results in a series of gradations, 
made up of great individual variations, between the pedigree sire and dam. Authentic data 
of the history of the fox-terrier tell us, that the direct predecessors of the modern breed, 
the ancient kennel terriers, were of different colours, but most of them were all black- 
and-tans. Consequently, when present day fox-terriers and dachshunds are crossed, the 
similar colour, the all black and tan, is in a majority, and predominates over the dif¬ 
ferent — white, black and tan — colours, which are, of course, in a minority, — without 
all the other points of the dachshund, taken singly or collectively, behaving as dominant 
and the points of the fox-terrier as recessive, characters. 
