PEDIGREE INHERITANCE. 
415 
metical progression ; when goneoklin selection is employed, the average 
of the produce will coincide with the centre of variation of the pure 
breed through a lesser number of generations. In the cases of the con¬ 
sequent matings of the average, or of the goneoklin types of offspring 
respectively, belonging to different generations, the characterizing curves 
of variations, likewise, vary in each case, and, taken altogether, quasi 
fall into the ranks between the cases of the inter se matings of the pro¬ 
duce of the same generations, and the characteristics of back-crossings. 
We owe it to Johannsen, that he discovered within the phænotypes - 
which vary on the curve of probability — the bio types or the pure lines. 
During his experiments referred to here, he selected, out of the population, 
specimens of certain types, and — experimenting with plants — multiplied 
them by self-fertilization. The offspring resulted in numerous 
curves of probability also, which were small ones, and their position was 
different and characteristic of each of the cases, and, which taken altogether, 
made up the whole phænotype. The selection employed within the bio types 
turned out to be totally ineffective, viz., the falling back to the average 
always took place suddenly and completely. The findings of Johannsen - 
which in the cases of self-fertilization cannot be gainsaid, and which were 
proved by many others as well as myself 1 in some cases of matings between 
full brothers and sisters of the same generation also — are today generally 
extended over all the possible cases of i n-b reedin g, but this gene¬ 
ralization seems to be a failure. By the term in-breeding — the matings 
of blood-relations — must be understood, not only the matings of full 
brothers and sisters of the same generation, but also all the matings between 
produce of different generations, and the back-crosses, viz., matings between 
offspring and ancestor, too. In all these cases, the effect of selection 
which will always remain the unshakeable basis of Darwin’s Doctrine - 
meets no obstacle ; by its means, through more or less generations, deviations 
can be called up almost at will, or in a word, the types can be shifted. 
When generally, the effect of selection would be limited, as is usually 
stated nowadays, i. e., when the selection could not produce new breeds, 
or, when new T breeds were to originate, not by selection, but as mutations 
of De Vries, or, in consequence of any other causes, it should be observed 
in Nature, considering the numbers of existing species and sub-species, 
that continually new and new breeds would appear, innumerably more 
than changes in the domesticated breeds take place before our eyes. As an 
illustration of this -matter I note only the case of the Canary, that of the 
latest domesticated bird, which was, in the form of its wild ancestor, the 
1 My expjriments referred to here were made with tricolor Guinea Pigs. 
