ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 7 
terraces, carpets, and allies; bowling greens, mailles, their materials and proportions; of groves, labyrinths, 
dadales, cabinets, cradles, pavilions, galleries, close walks and other relievos; of fountains, cascades, rivulets; 
of rocks, grots, crypts, mountains, precipices, porticos, ventiducts; of statues, columns, dyalls, perspectives, 
pots, vases, and other ornaments.” 
Evelyn assisted in the laying out of several garden schemes, besides the oval garden at his own house at 
Sayes Court, near Deptford, which was ruined by Peter the Great, who caused himself to be wheeled 
about the garden in a barrow over borders and through hedges. Evelyn laid out the gardens at Wotton in 
Surrey and Albury near Guildford, where he dug a canal and planted a vineyard. 
The many engravings extant showing the houses and gardens of this period give also some idea of the 
extensive avenues which began to be constructed across the country; thus at Badminton, which was probably 
the greatest scheme of avenues, Kip’s view shows a vast scheme stretching over miles of the country-side. 
From the entrance lodge to the house was an avenue of two and a half miles in length, and on the opposite 
side of the house three avenues extended to Marshfield, a distance of six miles to the south. At one point in 
the park no less than twenty-four avenues met, many of them extending for several miles. Magnificent 
avenues still exist from Castle Ashby in Northamptonshire, and Belton House, Grantham, and much of the 
grand scheme which surrounded Wrest in Bedfordshire is still to be seen. Kip’s views also show fine 
avenues at Haughton in Nottinghamshire, at Chatsworth in Derbyshire, G*imsthorp in Lincolnshire, and 
at Ashdown Park, Berkshire, where long drives cut through the plantations round the house still exist. 
The planting of single avenues was customary as early as the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when we may 
suppose some of the old avenues and walks adjoining noblemen’s houses were planted. The arrangement 
of avenues starting from a central point was introduced from France at the time of the Restoration. 
The influence of Le N6tre and his pupils tended to increase the size of English gardens. Two 
good examples of the French manner in England are those at Chiswick in Middlesex and Melbourne m 
Derbyshire where we have alleys cut through the groves, with here and there a “star,’ that is to say, a series 
of five or more alleys meeting in a circular grass plot. In “The Retired Gardner’- of Messrs. London 
and Wise are careful instructions for the laying out of these French gardens, and at the end of the second 
volume is a plan and description of the garden laid out by them for Marshal Tallard at Nottingham The 
use of the French style, however, was limited to large gardens, while those of a lesser size were still lai 
out much on the old lines, unaffected by foreign influence. 
With the accession of William and Mary came further changes in the fashion of gardens, and for a while 
the Dutch manner was followed. Fountains and waterworks were more largely used, and gave much scope for 
ingenuity. Extensive alterations to the Royal gardens at Hampton Court were now commenced. Charles I . 
ha°d laid out the great semicircular avenue of limes there “ in pursuance of some great design he had formed in 
gardening," and in carrying out their magnificent scheme for the improvement of the Royal gardens William 
and Mary employed George London, who had been a pupil of Rose, head gardener to Charles I . it 
London was associated Henry Wise, who entered into a limited partnership with him, and worked in con¬ 
junction with him in all the improvements that he carried out in the gardens and parks of Hampton Court. 
The Diary of Celia Fiennes, 5 a lady who was riding through England for her health in the time o 
William and Mary, affords a very good idea of the number of gardens existing in the country at this period, 
and gives a vivid impression of the care and intelligent interest then being taken in garden design, and also 
enables us to realize, in some measure, how much we have lost by the vandalism of a succeeding age, the age 
of “ Capability ” Brown, Humphry Repton, and the like. The chief fault to be found with the Dutch style was 
i A translation from “ Le Jardinier Solitaire,” a treatise of the Sieur Louis Liger, of Auxerre 
■ Reproduced in the Appendix to “ The Formal Garden in England," by Reginald Blomfield and F. Imgo Thom . 
3 “Through England on a side-saddle in the time of William and Mary." 18SS. 
