WHITE OR SQUARE-MOUTHED RHINOCEROS 667 
found accompanied by calves had not yet shed all their 
milk teeth; and one cow, accompanied by a good-sized calf, 
was nearly on the point of giving birth to another. 
The white or square-mouthed rhinoceros is a long¬ 
headed, tall-bodied animal with a flattened or truncate nose 
and a wide, square mouth. The excessively long head dis¬ 
tinguishes this species at once from all other living forms. 
The ears are much longer and the feet larger than in the 
black rhinoceros. One of the peculiarities of this species 
is the prominent, rounded, fleshy hump upon the nape of the 
neck just forward of the withers. This hump is purely a 
muscular structure and receives no support from the dorsal 
processes of the cervical vertebrae. With the exception of 
three short folds the skin is smooth and lacks even such 
shallow markings as the rib furrows which are so character¬ 
istic of the black rhinoceros. The best marked of these 
folds, and the only one which is permanent, is a transverse 
fold on the foreleg encircling the limb just above the elbow. 
When the head is held level with the back a prominent 
transverse fold is formed on the nape just behind the ears. 
This fold disappears when the head is lowered in feeding 
and another longer transverse one is formed on the throat. 
The young at birth do not differ from the adults in color 
or skin structure and but slightly in proportions. The 
changes which take place with age are chiefly the growth 
of the horns and the lengthening of the head. 
In size this species exceeds but slightly the big Indian 
single-horned species and but little the black African species. 
Measurements of the length and height of the Indian species 
given by Lydekker * are scarcely inferior to authentic di¬ 
mensions of the largest South African specimens. Measure¬ 
ments of mounted skeletons of these two species show the 
Indian very little less in size. The black rhinoceros of East 
Africa stands several inches lower and measures less in 
length of head. The superiority in size of the white rhi¬ 
noceros over the other living species has been greatly ex¬ 
aggerated. The utmost that can be said is that there is a 
slight average superiority. 
* “ Great and Small Game of India, Burma and Tibet.” 
