ELEPHANTS 
717 
on its upper margin. The elephants of this type are the 
smallest in Africa and have also relatively the smallest 
ears. A member of this race was described in 1906 as a 
pygmy race, for which the name pumilio was proposed. 
The specimen on which this race was based was a living 
specimen at the Hagenbeck Gardens and was at the time 
only 3 ^ feet in height and weighed some 600 pounds, but 
was assumed to be at least half grown, the age being stated 
to be six years. It was, however, a small animal in 1906, 
when described, but has since grown up under the care of 
the New York Zoological Park and at present has a height 
of 5 feet 7 inches and a weight of 2,250 pounds. It is 
annually subject to some incurable skin disease, which has 
retarded its growth and no doubt accounts for its under¬ 
sized condition. The shape of the ears is quite identical with 
those of typical cyclotis of West Africa, from which region 
it is said to have come. Whether the Congo elephants have 
rounded ears, similar to those of cyclotis , is not at present 
known, but it appears from photographic evidence that 
they are somewhat different in shape and are intermediate 
in size between the small-eared race, cyclotis , and the large¬ 
eared, capensis , and have an inward fold on the upper margin 
of the ears, as in the latter race. We have, accordingly, 
allowed them to stand as the typical race, africana , of 
Blumenbach. Since Matschie has pointed out the ear 
differences in the races here recognized, several other races 
have been described by other naturalists. We have failed 
to find, however, substantial proof of their distinctness in 
the specimens we have examined. Most of such races are 
based on slight distinctions drawn between individual 
specimens from various parts of East and South Africa, and 
represent, to a considerable degree at least, individual varia¬ 
tion. Differences in skull shape between the races here 
recognized have not yet been established, owing to the great 
individual variation to which the skull is subject. The size 
of the tusks influences the premaxillary region greatly, the 
size of the premaxillary bones which sheath the tusks being 
in direct relation to the size of the tusks, which are well 
known to have an immense individual variation. Distinc¬ 
tions based upon the relationship of the width to the length 
in such bones is on this account of questionable racial value. 
