734 
AFRICAN GAME ANIMALS 
evident that the external, nail-like hoofs are no indication 
of any real differences in bone structure. 
There is a large sexual difference in size in the East 
African elephant, the males being in bulk fully a third 
greater than the females. In weight such difference 
amounts to approximately two tons, the adult female attain¬ 
ing an approximate weight of four tons and a large male 
six tons. The female averages in height at the withers 
i }4 feet less than the male and is correspondingly less in 
size of skull, ears, and other dimensions generally. The 
sexual differences in size of tusks, however, do not follow 
this proportion, but they are much less in the female, being 
only a fourth the weight and size of those of the male. 
Much uncertainty apparently exists among sportsmen 
concerning the possible height to which the African elephant 
may attain. The recorded heights of large male specimens 
measured in the flesh by elephant hunters range from 10 
to 12 feet. The differences between these extremes, how¬ 
ever, do not represent the actual variation in specimens, 
but rather discrepancies due to differences in methods of 
taking measurements. Some of the difficulty of measure¬ 
ment is due to the immense bulk of a bull elephant, which 
prevents the body from being moved into a position favor¬ 
able for taking the height unless the animal has fallen on a 
level surface in such a way that the legs can be straightened. 
The tallest record which appears authentic to us is that of 
Major Powell-Cotton’s of n feet inches for a bull 
elephant which he shot near the station of Wadelai, on the 
upper Nile. Major Powell-Cotton has made many careful 
measurements of elephants in the flesh, and his measure¬ 
ments may be taken as fairly reliable. Mr. E. S. Grogan, 
while engaged on his “Cape to Cairo” journey, shot a simi¬ 
larly large bull elephant near the same locality, which he 
has recorded as n feet 6 inches high at the withers. The 
tallest bull shot by Carl E. Akeley, who has recently devoted 
a number of years in East Africa to the securing of a giant 
specimen, was one measuring ii feet 4 inches at the withers 
from the Budonga forest. He has measured others having 
a height of 11 feet 2 inches from Uganda and one from Kenia, 
the latter bearing immense tusks weighing 250 pounds and 
now mounted in the Field Museum of Chicago. We know 
