ELEPHANTS 
737 
average was approximately 80 pounds per tusk. In this 
connection it is interesting to compare the dimensions of 
fossil tusks of the recently extinct hairy mammoth, Elephas 
primigenius , a species closely related to the Indian elephant 
and of considerably smaller body proportions than the 
African elephant. The tusks of this species were consid¬ 
erably greater than the African records in every dimen¬ 
sion. The record mammoth tusk has a length of 12 feet 
iof/Z inches. The record one, according to Ward, in weight 
is estimated to have been 330 pounds, it having an actual 
circumference of 35 inches, but this gigantic tusk may not be 
referable to the hairy mammoth but rather to the giant- 
tusked Siwalik elephant, Stegodon ganesa. The record Indian- 
elephant tusk is surprisingly small compared with its close 
relative, the mammoth. The records for the Indian are: 
length, 8 feet 9 inches; weight, 102 pounds; girth, 18^ 
inches, or about half that of the mammoth. The average 
bull Indian elephant, however, has tusks little larger than 
those of the cow African elephant. The large bull from the 
southwest slope of Mount Kenia previously mentioned 
measured in the flesh: in length of head and body from the 
tip of the trunk to the base of the tail, 22 feet; in length of 
tail, 4 feet 7 inches; in length of trunk measured from the 
mouth, 6 feet n inches; in height of ear measured over the 
fold on the upper margin, 5 feet; in length of ear from 
the ear opening horizontally backward to the hinder border, 
3 feet 4 inches. The rogue bull shot in Uganda, which was, 
according to measurement, a taller animal, measured consid¬ 
erably less in length of body, the length from the tip of the 
trunk to the base of the tail being 19 feet 10 inches. The 
other dimensions were: length of the tail, 4 feet 8 inches; 
height of the ear measured over the fold on the upper margin, 
S feet 8 inches; length of the ear from the ear opening to the 
hinder border, 3 feet 4 inches. The flesh measurements of 
a fully adult cow shot by Colonel Roosevelt at Meru, on 
the northwest slope of Mount Kenia, were: length of head 
and body from tip of trunk to base of tail, 18 feet 3 inches; 
length of tail, 3 feet 8 inches; height at withers, 8 feet 
9 inches; height of ear, including the fold on upper margin, 
4 feet 9 inches; length from ear opening to hinder border 
3 feet 2 inches. Another cow, a specimen shot by Paul J. 
