176 cxxvii. balanophorace^e. [Rhopalocnemis. 
covered at first by conic stalked umbrella-like red bracts, deciduous. 
Male (funnel-shaped) or of 4 oblong truncate lobes connate at base. 
Female tubular (or bilobed). Styles 2; stigmas discoid. Seed 
small, globose. Species 2, 1 Java and Himalayas, 1 Malay 
Peninsula. 
(1) R. ruficeps Ridl. Kew Bulletin, 1914, p. 188 (Fig. 150, p. 175). 
Rhizome elongate terete, over 6 in. long, *2 in. through, orange 
brown, yellow inside. Stem terete, 3-5 to 375 in. long, yellow 
streaked brown. Head ovoid to cylindric, 1*5 in. or more long, 
rose pink; bracts bright, red-stalked, cone-shaped, 4- to 6-angled. 
Male flowers. Sepals 4 shortly connate at base. Stamens 3, 
connate with about 8 linear cells in an oblong head. Female 
flowers flat elliptic tubular, all mixed with very numerous filiform 
hairs. Hob. In dense forest at 2500 to 4000 ft. altitude, Perak, 
Thaiping Hills. Penang, Penara Bukit (Ridley). 
Order CXXVIII. EUPHORBIACEyE. 
Trees or shrubs, more rarely herbs, a few twining, frequently 
laticiferous. Leaves simple (except Bischofia) and usually entire, 
generally alternate. Flowers unisexual on the same, or separate, 
spikes, racemes or panicles, often on different plants. Calyx of 
two or more lobes. Petals usually absent. Stamens free or con¬ 
nate, few or very numerous. Pistillode in male often present. 
In female flowers, ovary superior, 3-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovules 
1 or 2 in a cell. Styles 3 or 2, often divided* Fruit a capsule of 
3 bivalved cocci separating from a persistent axis, or a drupe or 
berry with 1 to 3 cells. Seed laterally attached to the middle of 
the cell, albuminous (rarely exalbuminous). Species about 3000, 
chiefly tropical, rare in cold countries. 
Among the cultivated plants to be seen in gardens and planta¬ 
tions are a great variety of cultivated Crotons ( Codiaeum) from the 
Papuan region, Tapioca, Kayu ubi, Cassava or Manioc ( Manihot 
aipi Pohl) from South America and Para Rubber (. Hevea braziliensis 
Mull. Arg.) introduced in 1876. 
A. Cells of ovary 2-ovuled, 
i. Euphorbie.®. Male flowers of one pedi- 
celled stamen numerous surrounding a 
single-pedicelled female, all enclosed 
in a cup-like involucre. . . .1. Euphorbia 
Flowers separate 
ii. Buxines. Apetalous, sepals 4 in male, 6 in female. 
Herbs, trees or shrubs; flowers in axillary 
’clusters ..... 2. Buxus 
iii. Phyllanthe^e. 
Flowers petaliferous. 
Calyx valvate, stamens in a column. 
Fruit a drupe; ovary 2-celled . . 3. Bridelia 
Fruit capsular; ovary 3-celled . . 4. Cleistanthus 
