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CXXVriI. EUPHORBIACEiE. 
[. Euphorbia . 
1 . EUPHORBIA, Linn. 
Herbs or shrubs, milky. Leaves simple alternate, or opposite. 
Inflorescence of one female and many male flowers in a small 
4- to 5-lobed turbinate or campanulate perianth-like involucre, 
lobes with thick glands in the sinuses; glands often with a petal¬ 
like white or coloured limb. Male flowers of a pedicelled stamen; 
anther-cells globose. No perianth (except species 2). Female 
flowers a solitary pedicelled 3-celled, 3-ovuled ovary; styles 3, 
free, or combined simple or bifid. Capsule of 3 bivalved cocci 
separating from a columella and dehiscing. Species about 600, 
whole world. 
Stems thick, fleshy spiny angled; leaves few and 
small. (1) E. antiquorum 
Shrub 2 ft. tall; leaves fleshy numerous, no spines (2) E. synadenium 
Herbs, shrubby only at base; leaves numerous thin . 
Leaves alternate below, pandurate, half red . . (3) E. heterophylla 
Leaves opposite entire, stem stout . . (4) E. Atoto 
Slender herbs, annuals. 
Erect. Flowers in axillary heads . . . (5) E. hirta 
Prostrate. Involucres very small, 1 or 2 
axillary.(6) E. thymifolia 
(1) E. antiquorum Linn. Hort. Cliff. 196; Hook. fil. F.B.I. 
v. 256. 
Shrub or short tree, branches 3- to 6-angled, branchlets with 
3 to 5 sinuate wings thick and fleshy green. Spines stipular in 
the sinuses. Leaves few and small, obovate-oblong tip rounded, 
deciduous. Involucres temate in short cymes in sinuses. Styles 
2-lobed. Hab. Limestone rocks, Lankawi, Kwah, and Pulau 
Hujong Duri (Curtis). Perlis, Bukit Lagi, Tebing Tinggi (Ridley). 
Distrib. India. Use: Hard woody part of the stem used in 
medicine under the name of Tras Sudu. 
This plant is also cultivated occasionally. There was formerly in the 
Old Malacca residency garden a very large tree of this plant believed to 
date from Dutch occupancy. 
(2) E. synadenium Ridl. Journ. Roy. /4 s. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 36. 
Shrub about 2 ft. tall. Branches rather succulent, brown. 
Leaves alternate oblanceolate spathulate sub-acute or blunt, 
fleshy dark green; nerves invisible; 4 in. long, 1*5 in. wide; 
petioles *5 in, long. Involucres solitary unisexual. Male on a 
peduncle -12 in. long with 2 ovate purple-pink bracts; involucre 
pink, lobes thick semi-orbicular, green. Glands 10, truncate 
oblong laciniate pink. Stamens solitary surrounded by a calyx 
of about 8 white linear lobes. Female involucre smaller, with 2 
pink lobes, glands flat incurved green. Pistil surrounded by a 
