372 
CXXXII. CASUARINE M. 
concave segments, pushed off by the anther. Stamen i. Female 
in ovoid or globose heads; perianth o. Ovary minute, i-celled; 
ovules 2, style bifid with 2 long red arms. Fruit an oblong or globose 
cone formed of the enlarged hardened bracts and bracteoles, forming 
2-valved cavities enclosing the flat winged achenes. One genus 
Casuarina of about 25 species, mostly Australian, a few Malayan 
(4) and Polynesian. 
(1) C. equisetifolia Forst. Char. Gen. 103, t. 53; Gamble, 
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxxv. {4), p. 406. 
Tree with rough bark about 80 to 100 ft. tall and sometimes 2 
to 3 ft. through; branches filiform, slender, about 9 to 12 in. long; 
internodes -3 in. long, sheaths with 6 to 8 scales. Male spikes 
cylindric, *8 in. long. Cones globular-oblong, -4 in. Jong and thick. 
Hah. Sea coasts in land and elsewhere planted, Pahang, Pekan; 
Sungei Meang. Kelantan by river mouth. Pulau Adang. Dis- 
trib. From Bengal to Polynesia. Native name : Ru, or Eru. 
Order CXXXIII. CUPULIFERiE. 
Trees, rarely dwarfed to shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes 
toothed. Flowers minute unisexual (sometimes hermaphrodite). 
Males in spikes (rarely capitate). Females spiked, usually solitary. 
Bracts sometimes involucrate. Perianth usually 6-lobed, membran¬ 
ous free or connate. Female smaller with an involucre of many 
imbricate scales. Stamens 6 to 12; filaments slender. Ovary 3- 
to 6-celled in female cells 2-ovuIed; styles as many. Fruit a nut 
(acorn) or up to 4 nuts, seated on or more or less included in large 
involucrate bracts forming a cupule. Pericarp coriaceous or woody. 
Seed usually solitary. Species numerous, chiefly in temperate 
climates. Gamble, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxxv. (4), 406 (. Fagacece ). 
Nut 1. Cupule cup-shaped, not enclosing the nut. 
Stamens 6; stigmas broad covering inner part of 
style ; leaves usually serrate . . . .1. Quercus 
Stamens 12; stigmas of a single pair terminal; 
leaves entire, a few with cup entirely covering 
acorn . . . . . . .2. Pasania 
Nuts 1 to 4. Cup entirely enclosing the nuts splitting, 
irregularly spiny or tubercled . . . .3. Castanopsis 
1 . QUERCUS, Linn. 
Trees. Leaves toothed or lobed, rarely entire. Male spikes 
pendulous. Perianth cup-shaped, 6-lobed. Stamens 6 (or fewer). 
Stigmas in female broad, covering the inner surface of the styles or 
capitate. Cup (in our species) lamellate. About 200 species, chiefly 
North Temperate region. Native names: Rerangan babi (Pig- 
chestnut) and Empening. 
