Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 69(1): 81-87. 2017 
doi: 10.3850/S201009811600006X 
81 
Liverworts of Bali, Indonesia, 
with new records to the island 
I. Haerida 
Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, 
Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, 
Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 
ihaerida@ gmail.com 
ABSTRACT. A total of 72 species of liverworts have been found in Bali. Based on recent 
collections and former records of the species including 31 genera and 17 families, among them, 
43 species are new to Bali. 
Keywords. Bali, liverworts, new records 
Introduction 
Bali is a major tourist destination in Indonesia. According to the Central Bureau of 
Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia, in 2015, 4,002,000 people visited Bali and in 
July 2016 alone 484,231 people visited. There is, therefore, great pressure to expand the 
infrastructure and facilities for tourists in Bali. This inevitably leads to the degradation 
or destruction of forest and other natural habitats and, consequently, the biological 
diversity found there becomes threatened. 
Information on the bryophyte flora of Bali is rather rare. Hegewald & van Zanten 
(1986) reported 78 species of mosses and 17 species of liverworts from Bali. Touw 
(1992) noted 167 species of mosses for Bali. Additional literature including information 
on the liverworts of Bali include Eggers et al. (1998), Schafer-Verwimp (2006, 2009), 
Haerida et al. (2010), Alam (2012), Heinrichs et al. (2012) and Girmansyah et al. 
(2013). Based on the results of their studies, only 26 species of liverworts have been 
recorded, therefore indicating that an inventory on liverwort diversity of Bali is 
needed. The study by Girmansyah et al. (2013) was a more general survey of Bali’s 
plant and fungal diversity and they recorded about 1700 species of Spermatophytes, 
Pteridophytes, fungi (Basidiomycota and Glomeromycota), and bryophytes (mosses 
and liverworts). All of the species reported were based on specimens housed in Bogor 
Herbarium (BO), Naturalis in Leiden (L) and from the literature. 
In 2013, 2015 and 2016 the author visited several localities in Bali to collect 
material of bryophytes and other cryptogams. The localities were in Candikuning (Bali 
Botanical Garden, Bedugul, Baturiti at c. 1250-1450 m asl, Mt Tapak at c. 1900 m 
and Mt Pohen at c. 2060 m), Bangli (Mt Abang at c. 1300-2250 m asl, Mt Batur and 
surrounding areas, including the lake, at c. 1085-1610 m asl, and Mt Penulisan west 
and east side at c. 1490-1610 m asl), and Karangasem (Mt Seraya, Bukit Tabuan area 
at c. 550-790 m asl, Pura Bhur, Bwah and Swah areas at c. 630-1050 m asl, and Pura 
