82 
Card. Bull. Singapore 69(1) 2017 
Lempuyang area at c. 800-1150 m asl). This resulted in c. 180 collections, among 
them c. 92 liverworts. 
Results and discussion 
Based on the previous literature, such as Hegewald & van Zanten (1986), Eggers et al. 
(1998), Schafer-Verwimp (2006, 2009), Haerida et al. (2010), Alam (2012), Heinrichs 
et al. (2012) and Girmansyah et al. (2013), and on the additional species found in this 
study, the total number of identified liverwort species recorded from Bali is now 72 
species, of which 43 species are new records for Bali. Of these, 15 species are thalloid 
liverworts and 57 species are leafy liverworts. All new collections have been deposited 
in BO. 
These 72 species are from 31 genera and 17 families (Aneuraceae, Aytoniaceae, 
Frullaniaceae, Herbertaceae, Jackiellaceae, Lejeuneaceae, Lophocoleaceae, 
Marchantiaceae, Metzgeriaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Porellaceae, 
Radulaceae, Ricciaceae, Scapaniaceae, Targioniaceae and Wiesnerellaceae). 
The specimens were identified using the Guide to the Liverworts and Hornworts of 
Java (Gradstein, 2011) and other literature such as Benedix (1953), Hattori (1973), 
Zhu & So (2001), Zhu & Gradstein (2005) and Siregar et al. (2013). 
Candikuning has a higher number of liverworts species than Bangli and 
Karangasem. This is because the forests in this area are wetter, thereby suiting a 
greater bryophyte diversity (c. 77% of all species). Although Bangli has similar 
conditions to Candikuning in the undamaged forested areas, there is actually very 
little forest left undamaged, particularly around Mt Batur where the vegetation has 
been greatly impacted by volcanic eruptions. Most other areas around Mt Abang have 
been converted to agricultural land. Other species of liverwort were found in Bangli 
and in Karangasem. These areas are relatively dry and, therefore, fewer liverworts are 
present. 
The higher number of species found in the Candikuning areas is due to the 
optimal climate for bryophytes, specifically liverworts. Bali Botanical Garden and 
surrounding areas have an annual precipitation of 2,950 mm/y, an average temperature 
of c. 20.06°C, and an average of humidity of c. 80.82%. Mt Abang and surrounding 
areas in Bangli have an annual precipitation of c. 2,200 mm/y, an average temperature 
of c. 24.9°C, and an average humidity of c. 88%. The driest area, Mt Seraya in 
Karangasem, has an annual precipitation of c. 1,945 mm/y, an average temperature of 
c. 23°C, and an average humidity of c. 79%. 
Species list 
All specimens cited are in BO unless otherwise stated. An asterisk (*) indicates a new 
record for Bali. Nomenclature follows Soderstrom et al. (2010, 2016) and Gradstein 
(2011). IH + number refers to a collection by the author. Records which are based only 
on information from the literature are referenced. 
