30 
b. Castoria. —Size and form of Pieris oleracea\ Male , upper side pure 
white, inner half of costa of primaries, and base of both wings, 
strewn with a few dark atoms; a rounded black spot in the medio- 
superior interspace of the fore wings, situate as in the preceding 
species; no other markings; fringes white, expance 2 to 2.12 inches. 
Underneath immaculate white; a faint yellowish tinge on the apex 
of the primaries, and along the costa of the secondaries. Body black, 
with whitish hairs below; antennae black, with incomplete white 
annulations interrupted above. Club yellowish, or yellowish brown 
at tip. (Reakirt.) 
c. Casta. —Antennae black, annulated with white; wings white; prim¬ 
aries at the anterior margin, sprinkled with blackish; secondaries, 
underneath, with a few scattered blafck scales accompanying the 
nervures; wings rounded and very entire. (Kirb} 7 .) 
d. Frigida. —The shape of the secondaries of the male frigida is as 
in tlie female of oleracea , those of frigida being proportionally 
narrower across the hind margin, and broader across a line parallel 
to it, near the base of wing, than in the same sex in oleracea ; or 
in other words, the secondaries of frigida are relatively more quad¬ 
rate, and those of oleracea more triangular; the outer half of the 
costal border of the secondaries is slightly more docked in frigida 
than in oleracea / the dark narrow line which follows the costal 
border of the primaries extends around over rather more than half 
the outer border of the wing, while in olera.cea it seldom extends 
beyond the tip, and very rarely half way round the outer border; 
the nervures on the under surface are more heavily marked than 
in the darkest individuals of oleracea , though the markings are in 
the same locality, such as the outer and uppermost nervules of the 
primaries, the median uervure, the nervures of the secondaries, ex¬ 
cept the discal, the inner margin next the base, and a band cross¬ 
ing the cell, which is The extension of the third superior nervule; 
the markings of the primaries are heaviest towards the outer border, 
those of the secondaries away from it; the costal border of the 
secondaries at base is slightly tinged with saffron; the color of the 
under surface of the wings is slightly dirty white, tinted with very 
pale greenish yellow, especially noticeable on secondaries and upper 
half of primaries; when any color is present on the primaries of 
oleracea it is confined to the tip; it differs further from oleracea in 
having the black scales at base of both wings above more profuse 
and widely spread, frequently bordering the nervures quite broadly; 
indeed grayish scales are more or less scattered over the whole of 
the upper surface, giving the insect a grim appearance, increased 
rather than diminished by the slightest possible yellowish tint. 
(Scudder.) 
e. Ilulda. —A variety with the veins of the under surface so heavily 
accompanied by blackish-green scales that but little of the pale- 
yellow ground color of the wing is visible. 
f. Borealis. — This is given as a mere variety by Mr. Grote. 
The markings on the veins are much darker and broader than usual, 
especially beneath. The species thus resembles frigida , but the 
elongated form of the hind wings peculiar to frigida is totally 
wanting. This is a renewed example of the interesting fact that 
