DNA barcoding for Nee Soon flora and fauna 
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Fig. 1. Variation in coverage of chloroplast genomes (>150,000 bp) between representative 
Nee Soon species. 
material in each species. Based on our data, chloroplast reads varied from 0.23% to 
12% of total reads depending on sample. These factors contributed to the uneven 
genome coverage (see Fig. 1). 
Tree identifications via sapwood samples 
A total of 360 amplicons from inner bark and sapwood scrapes were sequenced. Based 
on the local ITS2 database generated from the leaf samples, Sanger DNA barcodes 
allowed identification of 40 of the 87 sapwood samples with high confidence to at least 
the genus level (>=95% sequence match), and 8 samples to at least the family level 
(90-95% sequence match). Of the 173 sapwood samples that were sent for Illumina 
sequencing of the short trnL gene fragment, 56 and 29 samples were identified with 
high confidence to the family and genus levels respectively. However, we also find 
molecular identifications that conflict with expected IDs that were obtained with 
morphological means; i.e., the technique requires more testing. 
Specimen imaging and databasing 
A total of 502 faunal specimens originating from Nee Soon freshwater swamp 
forest were imaged and uploaded onto the Biodiversity of Singapore database: (Fig. 
