DNA barcoding for Nee Soon flora and fauna 
169 
Table 2. Continuation. 
Taxon group 
No. species/MOTUs featured 
Trichoptera (Caddisflies) 
(subtotal: 7) 
Calamoceratidae 
2 
Ecnomidae 
1 
Hydropsychidae 
1 
Leptoceridae 
3 
Plecoptera (Stoneflies) 
(subtotal: 2) 
Perlidae 
2 
Hemiptera (True Bugs) 
(subtotal: 3) 
Gerridae (Pond Skaters) 
1 
Nepidae (Water Scorpions) 
1 
Cicadomorpha (likely leafhopper) 
1 
Coleoptera (Beetles) 
(subtotal: 2) 
Gyrinidae (Whirligig beetles) 
1 
Scirtidae 
1 
Plants 
(subtotal: 164) 
Peridophyta (Ferns) 
2 
Monocots 
5 
Magnoliids 
45 
Rosids 
78 
Asterids 
22 
‘other’ Eudicots 
12 
Total: 502 
Lastly, we used Sanger barcodes and developed NGS barcodes for identifying 
trees to genus based on sap wood samples. This is often needed because it is difficult 
to obtain leaves from tall trees; frequently, the only available material is sap wood 
sampled from the tree trunk. Unfortunately, obtaining DNA from such samples 
is challenging because the DNA content is small and the DNA extractions include 
