126 x. capparidace^. [Craiova. 
narrowed somewhat at the tip. Stamens violet, slender. Gyno- 
phore slender, as long. Fruit globose to ovoid, about i in. long. 
Hab. Malacca, sandhills, Tanjong Kling. Selangor at Pudok. A 
dwarf form on the sandhills, not more than 4 ft. tall, but flowering. 
Possibly not native in either place, but it seemed to have estab¬ 
lished itself at Tanjong Kling, far away from the village. Plants 
occasionally are to be seen in gardens. Distrib. India. Native 
name: Cadat. 
Order XI. VIOLACEiE. 
Herbs or shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire or 
serrulate, stipulate. Flowers regular or irregular bibracteate. 
Sepals 5, imbricate in bud equal or unequal. Petals 5 hypogynous, 
equal or unequal, imbricate or contact in bud. Stamens 5; fila¬ 
ments short thick; anthers free or connate, cells often with apical 
processes, connective broad produced beyond the cells. Ovary 
sessile superior, i-celled; style simple. Stigma capitate or 
truncate entire or lobed. Ovules many on 3 parietal placentas, 
anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds small or very small. 
Albumen fleshy. Genera 21. Species 240, temperate and tropical 
regions of both hemispheres. 
Herbs; corolla irregular ; lower petal dissimilar . .1. Viola 
Shrubs or trees; corolla regular, no staminodes . .2. Alsodeia 
Herbs, erect; corolla regular; staminodes numerous . 3. Neckia 
1. VIOLA, L. 
Herbs usually stoloniferous. Flowers on 1- rarely 2-flowered 
peduncles, axillary. Sepals produced at base. Petals erect or 
spreading, lowest the largest spurred or saccate at the base. Anthers 
connate, connectives of the 2 lower ones often spurred at the base. 
Style clavate or truncate. Stigma blunt lobed or cupular. Capsule 
3-valved. Seeds ovoid or globose. Species 100, all cool regions. 
(1) V. serpens Wall. Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 449; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 
184; King, l.c. 399. 
Stoloniferous glabrous (or hirsute). Stems long, leafy. Leaves 
ovate-cordate blunt or acute, crenate-serrate, 1-5 to 2-3 in. long, 
7 to 1*3 in. wide,' hairy beneath. Stipules toothed. Sepals acute 
•2 in. long. Corolla pale lavender, lower petals streaked darker 
violet purple, rarely all white, ’5 in. long, spur short rounded. 
Petals blunt. Capsule ’4 in. long; valves blunt. Hab. Banks and 
shady spots, at 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude. Perak, Telom, Ulu 
Batang Padang on stream banks and in clearings at 4000 ft. alti¬ 
tude. Penang, Government Hill at 3000 ft. altitude (now extinct 
here). Distrib. India, Java, Sumatra, China. 
