Imperaia.] clxiil gramine*^:. 193 
(1) 1. arundinacea Cyrillo PI. Rar. Neap. Fuse. ii. 26, t. ii; 
Hook. fil. l.c. F.B.I. vii. 106; Duthie, Fodder Grasses, t. 15; Ridl. 
Mat. l.c. iii. 152. I. cylindrica and I. Koenigii Beauv. Agrost. 165. 
Rhizome very long, covered with scales. Culms i to 3 ft. long, 
slender, solid, nodes glabrous or bearded. Panicle 3 to 8 in. long, 
very narrow, branches very short. Spikelets covered with silky 
white hairs. Glumes I and II lanceolate acute, purple or green; 
glume III much shorter, oblong, toothed; glume IV ovate acute, 
toothed. Palea quadrate toothed. Anthers orange. Stigmas long, 
plumose, purple. Hab. Common all over the Peninsula and 
especially in former years, covering large tracts of country in 
Malacca and elsewhere. Distrih. All the tropics. Native name : 
Lalang. Uses : The leaves are used for thatching and litter, the 
silky spikelets for stuffing pillows, the rhizomes are exported to 
China as a medicine, and formerly a kind of beer was made of them 
in Singapore. 
(2) I. exaltata Brongn. Voy. Coq. Bot. loi; Hook. fil. l.c. F.B.I, 
vii. 107; Ridl. Mat. iii. 152. 
Culms 6 to 7 ft. tall, stouter than I. arundinacea. Leaves longer 
and broader. Panicle 14 in. long, distinctly branched at the base, 
silky-white. Spikelets lanceolate with longer, softer silky hairs. 
Stamen i. Hab. Open sandy places, much less common than 
I. arundinacea and more sporadic, chiefly near the sea. Singapore, 
Selitar; Bajau. Johor, Batu Pahat; Tanjong Kupaiig. Bindings, 
Lumut. Selangor, Langat (Ridley). Kelantan, Kelumpur (Haniff). 
Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay islands and tropical America. Native 
name : Lalang Jawa. 
4. SACCHARUM, Linn. 
Very large perennial grasses, with solid culms in a tuft and linear 
acuminate leaves. Panicles large on long peduncles ; rachis fragile. 
Spikelets numerous in pairs, i sessile, i pedicelled, both similar, 
linear-oblong, bisexual. Glumes I and II equal, blunt or glume II 
mucronate empty hyaline; glume IV bisexual. Palea small 
hyaline nerveless. Stamens 3. Species 12, tropics of both 
worlds. 
(i) S. arundinaceum Retz. Obs. 4, p. 14; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vii. 
119; Ridl. Mat. iii. 153. 
Culms 10 to 15 ft. tall, i in. through, solid. Leaves 3 to 5 ft. 
long, 2 to 3 in. wide, edges ciliate, midrib white. Panicle i to 2 ft. 
long, much branched, branches half whorled, softly-hairy. Spike¬ 
lets lanceolate, white silky, with long white hairs on the callus. 
Glumes I and II lanceolate acuminate, reddish; glume III elliptic- 
lanceolate; glume IV mucronate. Hab. Common on river banks 
often forming dense thickets, the " Elephant Grass." Singapore, 
Kalang and Yeo Chu Kang. Pahang, abundant on the Pahang River 
F 1 .M .P., 5 o 
1<?3 
