M. Bezzi 
41 
N eottiophilum fringillarum, Frauenfeld, 1868, p. 895. 
Blepliariptera cartereaui , Bigot, 1881, p. 370. 
Geographical distribution. At present known only from Central Europe: 
France, Germany and Austria. The adult fly seems to be rare, and was found 
mostly in houses, on windows; it lives probably on trees. 
Ethology. The fly was bred from puparia found in nests of Fringilla coelebs 
and of Passer domesticus, but almost nothing is known about the larva. 
VI. CONCLUSIONS. 
1. The Myiodaria living with birds show a parallelism between the grades 
of their parasitic adaptation and their systematic position. 
2. The lower forms— Acalypterata have saprophagous larvae, living in the 
nests of several orders of birds: Scansores, Passeres and Raptores. In the 
larval stage they feed upon decaying organic matter, while in the adult stage 
they are, in some cases, blood-sucking (Camus). 
3. The intermediate forms— Anthomyidae show two grades of adaptation : 
(a) lower forms, the larvae of which are mainly saprophagous or phytophagous 
(Chortophila) and which, like the Acalypterata , live in the nests upon de¬ 
caying substances; (6) higher forms the larvae of which are mainly carnivorous 
and have adapted themselves to two modes of life: (A) as subcutaneous para¬ 
sites ( Philornis ) of Scansores, Columbae, and Passeres; (B) as intermittent 
haematophaga, on Passeres (Passeromyia). 
4. The higher Myiodaria—the Calliphorinae show in their larval stage 
the two last types of parasitic adaptation, i.e. (a) intermittent haematophagy 
(Protocalliphora), and (b) possibly a subcutaneous mode of life on Passeres 
only. 
5. The adult flies of all the intermediate and higher Myiodaria are non¬ 
bloodsucking. It seems to be a rule among the Diptera that the forms with 
haematophagous adults have non-haematophagous larvae and vice versa. 
6. All these facts have to be taken into consideration in the study of other 
parasitic Myiodaria and especially the heterogeneous groups like Pupipara and 
Oestridae which, undoubtedly, are of polyphyletic origin, and are derived 
from lower, intermediate and higher Myiodaria. 
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Aiken, J. (1913). A subcutaneous larva of Mydaea. B. O. Medical Annual, pp. 1^, 3 pis. 
Aldrich, J. M. (1901). Synonymische Notiz. Wien. Ent. Zeit. xx, p. 68. 
- (1905). A Catalogue of North American Diptera ( or Two-winged Flies), pp. 680. 
Washington. 
Becker, Th. (1902). Die Meigen’schen Typcn der sogen. Muscidae acalypterae (Muscaria holo- 
metopa) in Paris und Wien. Zeitschr. fur Hym. und Dipt, ii, pp. 209-256, 289-320, 
337-349. 
- (1905). Katalog der paldarktischen Dipteren, iv, pp. 328. Budapest. 
Bezzi, M. (1900). Sulla presenza del genere Chionea Dalman in Italia, e !a riduzione delle 
ali nei ditteri. Rendic. Istit. Lomb. Milano, xxxiii, pp. 511-526. 
