G. H. F. Nuttall 175 
abstracted by Albertus, v. supra). For Bibliography see Ann. Boc. Entomol. 
France , 1865,4s. v. 216^ seq. (carefullycompiled and annotated by Laboulbene), 
this volume contains the portrait we reproduce; Catal. de la Bibl. Nationale, 
Paris; Stiles and Hassall’s Index Catal. of Med. and Veter. Zool.; Index Catal. 
Libr. Burg.-Gen. Washington (chiefly medical). I am indebted to Prof. Bouvier 
of the Nat. Hist. Mus. Paris for a fine lithographed portrait which unfortunately 
did not give good results when we sought to reproduce it, this portrait hangs 
in the Molteno Institute. 
Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold. 
1804-1885. 
(Portrait-plate XVI.) 
Carl von Siebold was born 16 February, 1804, at Wurzburg, and died 
7 April, 1885, in Munich. He belonged to a family of whose members a number 
were distinguished medical men. He matriculated at Berlin as a medical 
student in 1823, studied also in Gottingen (1824-27) and in 1828 took his 
M.D. in Berlin, where he fell under the influence of Rudolphi and Ehrenberg. 
He practised medicine for some years at Heilsberg, East Prussia, whence he 
proceeded to Danzig where he spent six years (1834-40) and devoted much 
of his time to zoological studies and the collection of Insects and Helminths. 
In 1836 he discovered ciliated epithelium in man when examining an extir¬ 
pated nasal polyp. He studied the biology of a variety of animals, including 
Gregarines and Helminths. In 1840 he was called to Erlangen as Professor of 
Zoology, Comparative Anatomy and Veterinary Medicine. In the article 
‘"Parasites” in R. Wagner’s Handworterbuch (1844) he writes of Cestodes and 
Cystici being stages in the life-history of one animal as exemplified in the case 
of Taenia crassicollis of the cat and Cysticercus fasciolaris of rodents. In the 
first part of his Lehrbuch (1845) he established the class Protozoa which he 
distinguished as unicellular animals; this book was subsequently translated 
into French (1849) and English (1854). In 1845-49 he was Professor of Zoology, 
Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Special Physiology at Freiburg, 
where, with Albert von Kolliker, he founded the Zeitschrift fur mssenschaft- 
liclne Zoologie (1848). He succeeded Purkinje as Professor of Physiology and 
Director of the Physiological Institute in Breslau but remained there only 
a few years (1850-53) before he finally attained a suitable goal by proceeding 
to Munich. Here he taught Physiology and Comparative Anatomy as pro¬ 
fessor until in 1856 his chair of zoology was established. Whilst in Breslau, 
following the initial lead of Riichenmeister into the field of experimental 
helminthology, von Siebold, beginning in 1852, carried out extensive feeding 
experiments which showed that Cysticercus and Echinococcus gave rise to 
Cestodes in animals fed with them; his work on the subject was finally brought 
together in his publication Ueber die Bandwiirmer und Blasenwurmer (Munich, 
1854), wherein he cites Haubner and Leuckart as having proved the converse, 
