W. Nicoll 387 
The next most important subject is Filariasis in its multiplicity of forms. 
This has called forth almost as voluminous a literature as Bilharziasis, but no 
one species has received such exhaustive treatment as Schistosoma haematobium, 
nor is the intrinsic value of the work comparable with that done on Bilharzia. 
The most considerable contribution is probably that of Manson-Bahr (1912) 
on Filariasis and Elephantiasis in Fiji. Fiilleborn (1913) gives an up-to-date 
account of human Filariasis in its various aspects and in the same year he 
published an exceedingly useful monograph on the differential diagnosis of 
Microfilariae. Memhof (1913) has dealt pretty thoroughly with the morphology 
of Loa loa and its clinical manifestations. A new human microfilaria ( M. nuda) 
has been observed by Rodenwaldt (1914) in Togoland while Biglieri and 
Araos (1917) have also described a new human Filana (F. tucumaui) from 
South America. Ea Cava (1916) has recorded the first autochthonous case 
of elephantiasis in Europe caused by F. bancrofti in the province of Treviso, 
Italy, while Skrjabin (1917) has described a new species of ocular Filaria 
(Loa extraocularis) from man. \orke and Blacklock (1917) have made useful 
observations on the periodicity of Microfilaria nocturna and Ruiz Arnim (1916) 
contributes a lengthy monograph on primary tropical lymphectasis. Wirth’s 
paper (1917) on the Filariae of horses is also rather useful. 
The interesting subject of Filariasis in dogs (Dirofilaria immitis) has 
recently received renewed attention with the result that much light has been 
thrown on the life-history of this dangerous parasite. For this we are indebted 
chiefly to Fiilleborn (1912) and Saisawa (1912) who have shown that the worm 
passes its larval stage in the mosquitos, Stegomyia fasciata and Anopheles 
maculipennis. More recently Breinl (1921) has found that the worm may also 
complete its larval development in thedog-fleas, Ctenocephalus canis and C.felis. 
Bernard and Bauche (1913) have further concluded that Stegomyia fasciata 
also serves as the intermediate host of the subcutaneous Filaria of the dog 
(Dirofilaria repens). 
Ancylostomiasis has, until recently, not attracted quite so much attention 
during the past decade as it did previously. This is in part due to the fact 
that Looss in 1911 set the stamp of his authority on many points that had for 
some time been controversial and in part to the fact that effective means of 
treatment have been elaborated and carried into practice in various parts of 
the world. In spite of this the disease remains and will remain one of the most 
serious with which sanitarians, particularly in the Tropics, have to deal. 
Fiilleborn (1914) has contributed an interesting and useful paper on the 
biology and mode of infection of Ancylostoma and Strongyloides , while Baer- 
mann (1917) has recorded his extensive experience in Java and has dealt 
with preventive measures at some length. Not the least important part of 
Baermann’s work, however, lies in the fact that he devised an efficient method 
of isolating hookworm larvae from samples of soil. This method was adopted 
and elaborated by the American Hookworm Commission in the West Indies. 
The work of this Commission (Cort, etc., 1921-2) is unquestionably the most 
