W. Nicoll 391 
With regard to Ascaris the only important work is that on its life-history 
which has already been discussed. Two matters of some medical interest how¬ 
ever may be mentioned, namely, the association of Ascaris with reflex epilepti¬ 
form attacks (Francaviglia, 1915) and with erythema nodosum (Montel, 1916). 
Researches on Strongyloides stercoralis have not been numerous but they 
include the important work of Fulleborn (1914) on the biology and mode 
of infection of the parasite. It is not altogether remarkable that this worm 
should have to some extent confused the issue in regard to Ancylostoma, for, 
in the fiist place, the two are not infrequently associated and, secondly, the 
mode of infection is somew T hat similar in both cases. In other respects, how¬ 
ever, the worms are widely divergent for Strongyloides exhibits the remarkable 
phenomenon of heterogenesis which has been so often erroneously ascribed 
to Ancylostoma. Fulleborn s investigations are full of interest. 
The important veterinary matter of horse Strongyles has received a con¬ 
siderable amount of attention in this country at the hands of Yorke and 
Macfie (1918), Boulenger (1916—1/) and Leiper (1913). Further references to 
the pathogenic action of these worms are to be found by Coureur (1915) and 
Parodi and Widakowich (1918). The latter deal with the mechanical action of 
the worms in the intestine of their host, while the former is concerned with the 
general cachetic state which may result. Bang (1913) deals with the subject 
of infection in young horses, while Leiper records a new Cylicostome from 
London horses. Horse Oxyurids have received attention from Railliet, Bedel 
and Honnat (1918) who form the opinion that the presence of the worms is 
associated with colic and emaciation. 
The interesting hypothesis of worms as a cause of appendicitis has received 
a large amount of attention during the past ten years chiefly on the part of 
Rheindorf (1920) and of Lines and Campbell (1914). Additional cases are 
recorded by Senechal and Engel (1912), Borini (1914), Glines (1916) and 
Hueck (1913). If the view that Oxyuris and other intestinal worms are a 
direct or indirect cause of appendicitis can be substantiated it is evident that 
appendicitis, at least of a certain type, must be regarded as a disease of in¬ 
fection and must therefore be amenable to public health measures for its 
prevention, a view which Rheindorf strenuously maintains. 
The occurrence of “pneumonia” during the course of helminth infection 
has been brought into much prominence by recent work on Ascaris infection. 
Ever since Looss’s memorable discovery of the lung route of the infecting 
larvae of Ancylostoma the occurrence of pneumonia symptoms associated 
with intestinal helminth infection has been fraught with significance. In 
1914 I personally recorded the occurrence of fatal pneumonia in dogs under¬ 
going experimental infection with Ancylostoma caninum. At that time I was 
inclined to ascube the fatal issue to a superimposed microbial infection with 
a species of Pasteurella which was isolated from the lungs of the dead dogs 
by Dr J. A. Arkwright. Both Ransom (1919) and Stewart (1920), however, 
ha\ e definitely concluded that pneumonic symptoms are a regular concomitant 
