LXXV. COMPOSITE. 
178 
Ovary i-celled, i-seeded; style bifid. Achenes dry crowned by a 
pappus of scales or silky hairs, or none (calyx limb). Species 
8000, whole world. But few of the species here are really indigenous. 
Most are weeds often of South American origin which are spreading 
gradually over the world. Many species are cultivated in gardens, 
but have not established themselves as weeds yet; among these 
are Artemisia vulgaris Linn. Wormwood, ” Baru China,” cultivated 
as a drug by Chinese. 
Cosmos bipinnatus Linn. Ulan Rajah, a tall herb with finely 
cut leaves and pink ligulate flowers, tubular ones yellow, of South 
American origin. Cultivated as a pot-herb by Malays. 
Taraxacum Dens-leonis Linn. The Dandelion was introduced 
and cultivated as a vegetable on Penang Hill and has run wild 
at the top near the Bungalows. 
The genera in this order are arranged more for convenience of 
identification than in the usually adopted natural order. 
(King and Gamble, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxxiv. ii. 22.) 
Flower-heads compound. 
Flower-heads glomerate and sessile in leaf axils 
Flower-heads in terminal clusters. 
Partial flower-heads i-flowered, compound 
heads surrounded by leafy bracts. 
Partial flower-heads several flowered, com¬ 
pound head not surrounded by 
bracts ..... 
Flower-heads not compound. 
Involucral bracts spiny and embracing the ripe 
achenes. 
■ Involucral bracts connate into a hard cup, 
flower-heads unisexual 
Involucral bracts free ; flower-heads bisexual 
Involucral bracts not spiny; leaves opposite. 
Involucral bracts about 4 in a single row. 
Leaves cordate; climber 
Involucral bracts more numerous, usually 
more than one row. 
Receptacle nude without bracts among 
flowers; flower-heads discoid. 
Pappus hair-like; flowers blue or white; 
style violet .... 
Pappus of few club-shaped viscid bristles; 
flowers white .... 
Receptacle with bracts among the flowers. 
Flower-heads radiate, rays sometimes minute. 
A sub-aquatic herb; leaves linear; heads 
axillary sessile; pappus o 
Terrestrial plants; leaves not linear. 
Pappus bristles 2, barbed at tip . 
Pappus not as above. 
Involucral bracts densely covered with 
gland-tipped hairs; flower-heads 
small ..... 
1. Sparganophorus 
2. Elephantopus 
3. Sphjeranthus 
4. Xanthium 
5. Acanthospermum 
6. Mikania 
7. Ageratum 
8. Adenostemma 
9. Enhydra 
10. Bidens 
11. SlEGESBECKIA 
