180 lxxv. composite. [Sparganophorus. 
3 to 4 in. long, 0‘5 in. wide with slender nerves; petioles i in. long. 
Heads *25 to *4 in. across. Flowers white; style violet. Achenes 
white. Hah. Edges of ponds, rice-fields and ditches. Singapore, 
Tanglin; Bukit Timah. Selangor, Batu Tiga. Kelantan, Kota 
Bharu. 
2 . ELEPHANTOPUS, Linn. 
Stiff wiry herbs. Leaves sessile entire or toothed, mostly radical. 
Heads several collected into ovoid or globose clusters with a pair 
of leaf-like outer bracts, on long stiff peduncles. Bracts oblong 
acute about 8, stiff, dry acuminate. Flowers 4-lobed. Calyx 
bristles spiny. Corolla pink or white. Achene 10-ribbed, Pappus 
hairs few. Species about 10, chiefly American. 
Plant under a foot tall, little-branched; leaves radical; 
flowers pink . . . . . . . (1) E. scaber 
Plant 4 ft. tall, much-branched; leaves on branches; 
flowers white . . . . . . . (2) E. fomentosus 
(1) E, scaber Linn. Sp. PI. 814; King, l.c. 28, 
Stem 3 to 4 in. to over ift. tall, woolly-tomentose, branched. 
Leaves mostly radical, obovate or oblong obtuse, crenulate pustular 
scabrid above, hairy on the nerves beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, *5 to 
1*25 in. wide or more; petioles very short, densely white hairy. 
Heads *5 to 75 in. across. Bracts green, white-hairy, red-edged. 
Flowers greenish With pink lobes. Pappus of 5 spiny bristles. 
Hah. Very common in campongs and grass plots, whole peninsula. 
Distrib. Tropics generally. Native name : Tutup Bumi. 
(2) E. tomentosus Linn. Sp. PI. 814. 
Shrubby, much-branched 4 ft. tall. Branches nearly glabrous. 
Leaves in tufts at the ends of short branches, lanceolate-acute, 
narrowed to base, hairy, 2 to 3 in. long, '4 to -5 in. wide; petioles 
winged to base. Heads *5 to 75 in. across numerous terminal on 
rather slender 3 in. peduncles. Outer bracts ovate acute reticulate, 
involucral bracts narrow lanceolate acute, glabrous. Flowers 
white. Hah. Roadsides, Johor, Castlewood and Tebrau. Penang, 
Ginting Pass and Balik Pulau (Burkill). Distrib. Florida and Texas. 
I cannot imagine how this plant got to the peninsula. It does not seem 
to occur in the Malay islands. 
3 . SPHiERANTHUS, Linn. 
Annual spreading herbs. Leaves alternate toothed decurrent 
on stem. Flower-heads very small in globular clusters terminal 
and peduncled with a few bracts at the base. Outer florets female, 
slender, 2- to 3-toothed, inner florets bisexual, thicker, 4- to 
5-lobed. Achenes oblong. Pappus o. Species 8, tropics of Old 
World. 
(i) S. africanus Linn. Sp. PI. (ed. ii), 1314; King, l.c. 38. 
Branches winged, spreading from a woody root, about 8 in. or 
more long. Leaves glabrous, thin, 1 in. long, *25 to *5 in. wide, 
