LXXV. COMPOSITE. 
Sphceranthus.] 
181 
oblanceolate, minutely toothed. Balls of heads *25 in. through. 
Hab. Common in damp waste ground, in mud. Singapore, Kalang; 
Mt Zion and elsewhere round town. Pahang, Pekan, Malacca 
(Griffith). Perak (Scortechini). Province Wellesley, Telok Ayer 
Tawar. Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). Kedah, Gunong 
Geriang, Setul. Distrib. Asia and Africa. Native name : 
Gelumak Susu. 
4 . XANTHIUM, Linn. 
Annual herb. Leaves alternate, lobed and toothed. Heads 
bisexual in upper axils globose, females 2-flowered, apetalous. 
Involucre of bisexual heads of short bracts 1 to 2 rows, of female 
heads with the bracts united into an ovoid beaked utricle covered 
with hooked bristles. Species 4, American, 1 Indo-Malayan. 
(1) X. strumarium Linn. Sp. PL 987; Hook. fit. F.B.I. iii. 303. 
Stem x to 2 ft. tall. Leaves triangular-cordate or orbicular 
lobed, base cuneate, 2 to 4 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide. Heads in 
terminal and axillary racemes, *25 in. through. Involucre female 
ovoid or oblong, green. Hab. Singapore town; a casual weed. 
Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Native name : Buah Anjang. 
5 . ACANTHOSPERMUM, Schrank. 
Prostrate herb, branched. Leaves opposite toothed. Heads 
very small axillary. Flowers white, outer ones rayed, one row. 
Involucre double, outer row herbaceous, inner ones enwrapping 
the flower. Achenes oblong enclosed in the enlarged bract armed 
with long hooked bristles, usually 4 or 5 radiating from centre. 
Species 2, South America, x established in Singapore. 
(1) A. brasilum Schrank, PI. Rar. Hort. Monach. ii. 53 - 
Branches 6 in. to 1 ft. long, hairy. Leaves fleshy membranous, 
ovate acute toothed, narrowed to base, nearly glabrous, -5 to 
1 in. long and about half as wide. Bracts outer spreading *x in. 
long Fruit *25 in. long. Hab. Singapore in and about the town, 
first record Anderson 1861; Bidadari; Macpherson Road; Ang 
Mo Kio. Sporadic. Distrib. Otherwise only known from tropic 
America and Hawaii. 
6 . MIKANIA, Willd. 
A twining herb. Leaves opposite, ovate, petioled. Heads in 
corymbose cymes, 4-flowered. Involucre oblong, bracts 4, narrow. 
Corollas similar, tubular, 5-lobed. Achenes 5-angled truncate. 
Pappus of 1 or more rows of scabrid hairs. Species 60, tropics 
of America and Africa, 1 Asiatic also. 
(1) M. scandens Willd. Sp. PL I 743 J King, l.c. 30. 
Glabrous or obscurely puberulous. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, -6 to 
*25 in wide; nerves 1 pair from base. Heads small, in cymes 
2 in wide; 'peduncles 1 to 2 in. long. Pappus reddish. Hab. 
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