Vernonia.] lxxv. composite. 189 
Common in Campongs and waste places. Singapore, Bukit 
Mandai. Malacca, Bukit Sabukor (Derry). Pahang, Pekan. 
Sungei Ujong, Bukit Tumiang (Cantley). Penang, Ayer hitam; 
Sepoy Lines (Curtis), Kelantan, Kamposa. Distrib. Malay isles. 
Native names : Ruku Gajah; Praasi putih. 
(7) V. Curtisii Craib and Hutchinson, Kew Bulletin, 1910, p. 22. 
Herb 1 to 3 ft. tall, branched above glabrous. Leaves elliptic- 
lanceolate acute, narrowed to petiole, serrate-membranous, sparsely 
setulose above, 1*5 to 3 in. long, -25 to 1 in. wide; nerves 7 to 12 
pairs. Heads solitary axillary, peduncled *5 in. wide; peduncle 
2*5 in. long. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, long, subulate glabrous. 
Flowers white and blue. Achenes 10-ribbed. Pappus stiff. Hab. 
Lankawi and Terutau islands (Curtis). 
(8) V. rupicola Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 144. 
Base of stem woody, glabrous except the young shoots which 
are mealy tomentose. Leaves membranous lanceolate, obscurely 
blunt serrate or nearly entire, mostly at the base of the stem, 
sub-acute long narrowed to the winged petioles, 5 in. long, 2 in. 
wide or less. Cymes of heads axillary 2 to 3 heads or terminal. 
Peduncles 1-25 in. long. Heads in fruit, *25 in. across, *5 in. long. 
Bracts lanceolate mucronate chaffy, at the base numerous much 
smaller ones. Pappus white, "2 in. long. Achenes narrow oblong, 
ribbed hairy. Hab. On rocks at Pulau Butong, Adang group 
(Ridley). 
The plants were quite over and nearly dry when I found them. 
18 . GYNURA, Cass. 
Herbs sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed. 
Heads in corymbs or solitary, disc-shaped, flowers all bisexual, 
yellow. Bracts in one series 10 or 12, narrow, receptacle flat. 
Style arms slender, hairy. Achenes narrow, many-ribbed. Pappus 
white copious, hairs in many rows. Species about 20, Asia, Africa, 
Australia. 
Scandent; leaves slightly dentate petioled; bracts 
purple .. (1) G. sarmentosa 
Erect herb; leaves strong-toothed and lobed; stem 
clasping; bracts green . . . . . (2) G. malasica 
(1) G. sarmentosa DC. Prodr. vi. 298. King, l.c. 39 ; Bot. Mag. 
t. 7244. (Fig. 86, p. 190.) 
Scandent or erect, glabrous, stem purple. Leaves succulent 
elliptic to lanceolate acute, base cuneate, dentate, 1 to 3 in. long, 
•4 to 1 in. wide; petioles -15 to *4 in. long. Heads few, *65 to 
75 in. long; pedicels puberulous, in long lax hanging cymes. 
Involucre purple, bracts narrow. Flowers orange. Achenes 
xo-ribbed, puberulous. Pappus white silky. Hab. In forests. 
Whole peninsula from Singapore to Tomoh and Lankawi from sea 
