164 
Card. Bull. Singapore 69(2) 2017 
Updated key to Hanguana in Singapore 
la. Large stoloniferous colonial herbs.2 
lb. Solitary or clumping herbs lacking stolons.3 
2a. Leaves stiffly erect with acute apex; lamina more or less flat or weakly irregularly 
corrugate, semi-matt green; staminodial scales composed of lobes without 
a hyaline margin; stigma lobes large, flat, connate at base, forming a bluntly 
triangular to clover-leaf shape, almost obscuring the apex of ovary. 
. H. anthelminthic a 
2b. Leaves wealdy arching, with long-attenuate apex; lamina prominently corrugate, 
shiny green with a visible pattern of lighter and darker green (best observed on 
young and medium aged leaves); staminodial scales entire with a hyaline margin; 
stigma lobes small, erect, separate, teardrop-shaped to obovate. H. nitens 
3a. Leaves green on both sides.4 
3b. Leaves dark emerald-green above and dark red-purple underneath. H. corneri 
4a. Large herbs over 1 m in height; leaves arching; ripe fruits cream-white, dull pink 
or ruby red; seeds bowl-shaped, more or less hemispherical.5 
4b. Medium sized herbs not exceeding 0.8 m in height; leaves spreading (not arching); 
ripe fruits black; seeds 3/4 globose to ovoid with wedge-shaped opening. 
. H. neglecta 
5a. Lamina almost flat, abaxially with evenly distributed silky indumentum; ripe 
fruits ruby-red; stigma lobes connate basally (sometimes imperfectly), with 
round apices. H. rubinea 
5b. Lamina more or less corrugate, abaxially with unevenly distributed 
flocculose indumentum, ripe fruits cream-white or dull pink.6 
6a. Ripe fruits cream-white, 9-10 mm in diam.; stigma lobes with sharply acute 
apices, forming sharply triangular structure; seed appendage bluntly bilobed. 
. H. triangulata 
6b. Ripe fruits dull pink, 5-7 mm in diam.; stigma lobes connate basally (sometimes 
imperfectly), with round apices, forming bluntly triangular structure; seed 
appendage single, broadly bluntly acute. H. podzolicola 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Our research is supported by the National Parks Board, 
Singapore. We thank our colleagues Aung Thame and Derek Liew, as well as the volunteers 
Michael Leong and Lahiru Wijedasa, for their help during our fieldwork in Singapore. We 
thank Dr Gillian Khew for supervision and Khoo-Woon Mui Hwang for support with ongoing 
molecular work on Hanguana populations. We also thank the curators of herbaria (E, K, KEP, 
L, P, SING and USM) for allowing us access to specimens in their care and/or making high- 
resolution images accessible. We thank Sofiman Othman for his help with checking whether 
