N. H. SWELLENGREBEL AND J. M. H. SWELLENGREBEL-DE GRAAF 181 
staple food for over thirty millions of inhabitants, and can neither be abolished 
nor petrolised. 
The problem offered little prospect of solution, until we became acquainted 
with Watson’s results (1911) in the Federated Malay States. His campaign 
was preceded by a thorough systematical and biological investigation of the 
local Anopheline fauna, and from the knowledge thus acquired, it was possible 
to conduct repressive operations against selected species. 
Encouraged by Watson’s success, Schiiffner and Swellengrebel (1914) began 
to study the Anopheline fauna of the Malay Archipelago, with the result that 
our knowledge of the local species is now fairly complete 1 . 
The Anopheline genera and species of the Malay Archipelago are as follows: 
Genus. 
Myzomyia. 
N eomyzomyia. 
Nyssorhynchus. 
Cellia. 
Myzorhynchus. 
Stegomyia. 
Species. 
ludlowi, rossii, indefinita, minima, minima var. aconita, 
flava*. 
leucosphyra, punctulata ( tesselata ). 
fuliginosus, maculatus, jamesii*, schiiffnerii*, annulipes 
var. moluccensis*. 
kochii. 
gigas, sinensis, sinensis var. vanus, sinensis var. scparatus, 
barbirostris, barbirostris var. pallidus*, umbrosus, 
umbrosus X (Watson), albotaeniatus, mauritianus *. 
aitkenii, aitkenii var. insulae florum*, aitkenii var. papuae*. 
The species marked with an asterisk are not recorded from the Malay Peninsula, while the 
following species have not hitherto been found in our Colonies: 
i 
Mennemyia brevipalpis, Lophoscelomyia asiatica, Pyretophorus watsonii, Myzomyia 
aurirostris, and Myzorhynchus albotaeniatus var. montanus. 
Reverting to Watson’s researches mentioned above, we find that in the 
hills of the Malay Peninsula, many difficulties have still to be overcome, but 
in the lowlands sanitary measures have become comparatively easy, as a 
result of these researches. Of the Anophelines found in the Malay Peninsula, 
only Myzorhynchus umbrosus is an important vector; its larva is peculiar, in 
that it only breeds in pools in the jungle. If these pools were abolished, 
malaria would be abolished, without incurring the expense and trouble which 
would be necessary in a general campaign directed against all species of 
Anophelines. This instance shows that eradication measures directed against 
selected species are profitable only under the following conditions : 
(a) that one, or a very limited number of species are important vectors, 
( b) that their breeding places are particular and restricted. 
In the following pages we shall use the term “ specific sanitation ” to define 
anti-malarial measures directed against one or a few species, to the exclusion 
of those which are non-carriers or unimportant carriers. In drafting our 
programme of research in the Malay Archipelago, it was essential to discover: 
1 Schiiffner and Swellengrebel (1914); Schiiffner and Van der Heyden (1917); Swellengrebel 
(1914), (1916), (1917), (1918 6), (1919a); Swellengrebel and Swellengrebel-de Graaf (1919 6); 
Winoto (1918). 
