S. T. Darling 227 
There are no chandis in West Java and but few ancylostomes there. In 
the Preanger they (A. duodenale) are absent. 
Beneath the cult of Mohammedanism in Indonesia there exists the remnants 
of Buddhism and Brahmanism. I have seen Javanese women who were 
nominally moslems actually worshipping in the ruins of a Brahman temple— 
a Hindu God. Underneath Brahmanism there yet lurks a pretty lively 
animistic cult, for the U hantu” or ghost possesses considerable influence in 
Malay households. Malay fishermen, at any rate in mid-Java, still attempt 
to propitiate by offerings of food the spirit which they believe presides over 
the destinies of fish and of fishermen, and thus modify the proverbial fisher¬ 
men’s luck. 
Mohammedanism, Buddhism and Hinduism as well as Christianity have 
come to Indonesia from without. 
It is possible that these cults in turn have been superimposed upon a pre¬ 
existing animistic cult or cults also due to outside agencies. 
Perry 1 has called attention to the occurrence of stone monuments, dolmens, 
dissoliths, alignments and menhirs in Indonesia, notably in the Timor region, 
which bear certain resemblances to megalithic structures found in Burmah 
and Assam. He infers that the use of stone was not indigenous but was 
introduced from without to various parts of Indonesia. The new comers also 
introduced metal working, terraced irrigation and rice culture. These stone 
working migrants may have come from Burmah or Assam 2 . 
Whoever they were or at whatever period they made their appearance, 
if they contributed to the implantation of the ancylostome formula of the 
Timorese etc., it will be evident that they came from north of about 20° N. 
latitude. 
This belief in the source of A. duodenale is based on information derived 
from worm findings among North Indians, Chinese and Japanese. 
With regard to North Indians the information comes from two sources, 
North Indians examined in (a) the Malay States and ( b) Fiji. 
North Indians in the Federated Malay States. 
These are represented by Sikh and Mohammedan Police from the Punjab. 
Some of these men had lived in the Federated Malay States ten or more years 
and their native or natural formula had possibly undergone some changes 
due to infection derived from Tamil, Malay and Chinese sources; however if 
we take only those men who had lived in the Federated Malay States ten years 
and under, there are 7 cases with a total of 41 hookworms, 21 of which were 
A. duodenale or an ancylostome index of 51*2 %. A second group from among 
hospital patients was made up of Sikhs and Bengalis, 8 persons, with a total 
of 222 hookworms of which 71 were A. duodenale or an ancylostome index 
of 32 %. 
1 Perry (1918), The Megalithic Culture of Indonesia, Manchester. 
There is however a trilithon at Haamonga, Tonga, which, according to tradition, was built 
by Polynesians (Samoans). 
