32 
casts its skin again and becomes a pupa or chrysalis, generally, in 
England at the end of July or beginning of August; the time here 
is probably a few weeks earlier. The chrysalis is long and narrow, 
bearing a strong resemblance to the perfect insect, but is of a paler 
color, usually yellowish or yellowish white. The} 7 remain in the pupa 
state, so far as observed, from two to three weeks, but it is probable 
some species remain in this state over the following winter. 
The same author, in the summary with which he closes his article 
on these worms in his “ Farm Insects,” makes the following statements 
in reference to their habits and the remedies used to counteract them : 
“Very hazardous to re-sow where they have destroyed a crop unless 
the soil be plowed repeatedly. 
“They are most to be dreaded in dry seasons, yet they cannot exist 
without some moisture- 
“Affected plants are known by the dying off of the outer leaves. 
“They cut into the stem above the roots and sometimes separate the 
stalk. 
“Gardens suffer exceedingly ; lettuces often fall a sacrifice to them. 
“On light lands they do most mischief from the beginning of March 
to June. 
“Low r er parts of fields bordering on marshes most infested. 
“Rye grass most dangerous with clover for encouraging Wire-worms. 
“Gravelly and sandy soils most infested; strong loam and clay most 
free from them. 
“Wheat sown in dry weather most likely to suffer. 
“By constantly disturbing the insects it is probable they may be 
driven from a locality. 
“A summer fallow and burning the rubbish recommended after 
clover and grasses; it kills the eggs and starves the worms; but fal¬ 
lows must be kept very clear from grasses and weeds. Nothing more 
dangerous than to leave strips and patches of grass or lays in plowed 
fields. 
“Feeding land close with sheep will prevent the eggs from being 
laid. Folding oxen and sheep in the spring may also keep the beetles 
from coming out of the earth. Harrowing and hard rolling in March 
and April strongly recommended. Top dressings of lime useful be¬ 
fore rolling. 
“Domestic fowls and numerous small birds eat a large number of 
them. 
WHITE GRUBS. 
The worms known by this name are the larvae of certain beetles 
usually designated as “May Beetles.” 
They belong to the family Melolonthidae or leaf-chafers, and chiefly 
to the genus Phyllophaga. 
