SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 
179 
T4BLE 1. Reported nesting season for selected Central American bark-gleaning insectivorous bird species. 
Species 
Earliest repotted egg dales 
References 
Ivory-billed Woodcreeper <Xiphorhynchus flavigaster) 
Spot-crowned Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes ufftnis) 
Streak-headed Woodcreeper l L souleyetii) 
Golden-tfonted Woodpecker (Melanerpes aurifnm ) 
Lineatcd Woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus) 
Hairy Woodpecker i Pieoides villosus) 
Apr 
Apr 
Late Mar 
Early Feb 
Jan (possibly late Dec) 
Apr 
Dickey and van Rossem 1938. 
Vega Rivera et al. 2003 
Skutch 1969 
Skutch 1969 
Skutch 1969 
Skutch 1969 
Skutch 1969 
although migratory birds in more northern win¬ 
tering areas occasionally sing during the non¬ 
breeding season (OK. pets. obs.). 
Winter nesting in Central America raises 
questions about the ecology of Brown Creepers. 
The species is assumed to be a permanent resident 
in Central America, but the observation of nesting 
in winter raises the possibility that northern 
populations migrating to Mexico or as far south 
as Central America (which has not been docu¬ 
mented) could conceivably encounter resources 
sufficient for double nesting, which has been 
reported recently for other migratory species 
(Rohwer et al. 2009). Early nesting in Central 
America also may indicate the local subspecies is 
on a separate evolutionary track from more 
nonhern subspecies and may eventually evolve 
phonological barriers to gene flow. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
National Park as pari of the Permanent Bird Monitoring 
Program conducted by SulvaNATURA. We are grateful to 
C. E. Braun. Knut Eisermann. and Steven Latta. for 
comments that improved the manuscript. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Dickey. D. R. and A. J. van Rossem. I93S. The birds of El 
Salvador. Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago. 
Illinois, L'SA. 
Hcjl. S. J.. K. R- Newxon, M. E. Mcfadzen, J. S. Young, 
and c. K. Ghalambor. 2002. Brown Creeper (Cenliia 
amencana). The birds of North America. Number 669. 
Komar, O. 2002. The birds of Montecristo National Park. 
Ornitologia Neotropical 13:167-193. 
Land, H. C. 1962. A collection of birds from the Sierra de 
las Minas, Guatemala. Wilson Bulletin 74:267-283. 
Rohwer. S.. K. A. Hobson, and V. G. Rohwer. 2009. 
Migratory double breeding in neotropical migrant 
birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of 
Sciences of the USA. 106:19050-19055. 
Sketch. A. F. 1950. The nesting season of Central 
American birds in relation to climate and lood supply. 
This study was conducted while undertaking monitoring 
«ork funded by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department with 
funds from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Ministry 
°f Environment and Natural Resources of El Salvador 
provided the research permit. Local lodging and land access 
was granted by the Comitd Representativo de Bencl'iciarios 
de La Montanona (CORBELAM). Roselvv Judrez collected 
data from a captured Brown Creeper al Montecristo 
Ibis 92:185-222. 
SKETCH, A. F. 1969. Life histories of Central American 
birds. 111. Pacific Coast Avifauna 35:374-547. 
Vega Rivera, J. H.. D. Ayala, and C A. Haas. 2003. 
Home-range size, habitat use, and reproduction of the 
Ivory-billed Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus flavigaster) 
in dry forest of western Mexico. Journal of Field 
Ornithology 74:141-151. 
The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124( 1): 179-183. 2012 
Effects of Parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds May Persist 
into Post-fledging 
Sean M. Peterson . 1 - 2 - 3 Henry M. Streby , 1 - 2 and David E. Andersen 1 - 2 
Department of Fisheries. Wildlife, and Conservation Bio¬ 
logy. University of Minnesota, 200 Hodson Hall. St. Paul. MN 
55108, USA. 
2 U.S. Geological Survey, Minnesota Cooperative Fish 
and Wildlife Research Unit, 200 Hodson Hall. St. Paul. MN 
55108. USA. 
ABSTRACT.—Brood parasitism by Brown-headed 
Cowbirds (Molothms ater) typically decreases the number 
of host juveniles that fledge: however, little information 
J Corresponding author: 
e-mail: sean.michael.peterson@gmail.com 
