SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 
187 
2005). Selection has not favored production of 
multiple broods by gallinaceous birds due in part 
;o limited benefit of this strategy for increasing 
productivity (Guthcrv and Kuvlesky 1998, San- 
dercock et al. 2008). Our observation may not be 
considered true double-brooding, as two success¬ 
ful broods were not produced, but our field re¬ 
port is the first case of a female prairie grouse 
producing tw'o broods in the same breeding 
season. Occurrence of double-brooding is likely 
extremely rare in prairie-chickens because 
females provide uniparental care during incuba¬ 
tion and brood-rearing, and juveniles are attended 
by females for 60-85 days after hatch (Johnson ct 
al. 2011. McNew et al. 2011). Only one of our six 
radio-marked hens which lost their first broods 
before chicks fledged was known to have renested 
following brood loss in this study, and previous 
research did not document second broods for any 
or 47 cases in which radio-marked female Greater 
Prairie-Chickens lost their first broods prior to 
fledging (McNew et al. in press). Double- 
brooding may be more common in (he Flinl Hills 
ecoregion than other portions of the species' range 
because the breeding season is long and brood 
mortality is high during the pre-flcdging period 
(>70%; McNew et al. in press). However, 
production of a second brood is likely limited to 
females which lose their first broods early due to a 
l°ng brood-rearing period and relatively high 
survival of juveniles from fledging to recruitment 
' -0.5; McNew et al. in press). 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
thank J. W. Doggett. K. D. Lunsford, and M. K. 
Kiicluc for Held assistance and U. K Sandercock for 
reviewing the manuscript. Wc thunk The Nature C'onser- 
ianc - v - f-'S. National bark Service, and -12 private 
rind.'wners for access to their properties This study was 
1 ' inied by Kansas Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration 
Pmject W-67, Kansas State University, and the Kansas 
Department of Wildlife. Parks, and Tourism. Field methods 
"ere approved by Kansas State University's Institutional 
‘nimal Care and Use Committee (Protocol t/2962). 
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