SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 
377 
200 m 
50 m 
FIG. 1. Study area location (black circle) in Wisconsin. USA (A), and Hermit Thrush nest locations in 2009 and 2010 at 
Porcupine Lake (dashed box in B. C). Shading in (B) indicates land cover (light gray = hardwood forest: medium gray = 
mixed hardwood/coniferous forest; dark gray = water). Nests (C) sharing letters indicate overlapping period of activity, 
subscript indicates nest fate (0 = depredated; I = successful), and X indicates point-count survey location. 
RESULTS 
Seventy-two Hermit Thrush nests (2009: n — 
33; 2010: n = 39) were found with 28 in the three 
invaded sites and 44 in the three Lumbricus -free 
sites (8 of the nests were at Porcupine Lake). I 
found three nests in 2009 at Porcupine Lake. Two 
nests were 12.0 m apart and a third nest was 48.1 
and 53.0 m from these nests (Fig. I). The three 
nests were simultaneously active on 8 July 2009 
and each was incubated by a different female (I 
checked all nests within 3 min and observed a bird 
incubating on each nest). I found five nests at 
Porcupine Lake in 2010; however, nests were 
more evenly spaced than in 2009 (minimum 
distance = 46.0 m). Two nests were found on 
17 May: the activity period of these nests did not 
overlap with the three other simultaneously active 
nests found between 17 June and I July. 
One nest of the closely spaced pair at Porcupine 
Lake was depredated in 2009. and the other two 
nests were successful. Three of five nests were 
successful in 2010. and the other two nests were 
