d'Horta el al. • JUVENILE PLUMAGES OF LA NIOC ERA AND LAN 1 ISOM A 
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FIG. I. Ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of juvenile specimen of Laniocera liypopyrra. 
plumage features, mainly in the upperparts. The 
plumage of the dorsal region is mostly cinnamon, 
as well as the head and throat with black sub¬ 
terminal bars and small white tips to the feathers. 
The rest of the underparts arc primarily dark gray 
to blackish barred off-white, especially broadly 
over the breast with cinnamon-orange Huffy 
feathers on the flanks, and especially in the 
ventral region. The wing-coverts are very dark 
olive-green, marked with a few irregular rufous 
spots, while the tertials and flight feathers (which 
were no longer in pm) are broadly fringed brighter 
olive-green. Filamentous down feathers similar to 
those observed in L liypopyrra sprout to 20- 
26 mm from the head and body, form noticeable 
tufts in places, and are either black with white 
tips, on the head, or cinnamon with white tips, 
over the back (Figs. 2, 3). .1. C. Minns observed an 
adult (perhaps subadult) female L. e, elegans, 
which was subsequently joined by a fledged 
juvenile of the same species. He described the 
latter bird as being the same size as the adult or 
subadult, but the entire body was mottled dark 
green-brown, which color seemed almost black in 
some light, and rufous. The mottling took the 
form of large asymmetric patches, while Minns 
noted the feathers on the head and around the base 
ot the bill were erect and spiky. 
DISCUSSION 
Evolution of Juvenile Plumage. — Adults of 
Laniocera and Laniisoma exhibit significant 
