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THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY • Vol. 124, No. 3, September 2012 
FIG. 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) view of nestling specimens of Lcmiisoma elegans (Guy M. Kirwan/© The Natural 
History Museum. Tring. United Kingdom). 
differences in some morphological traits (e.g., 
plumage), which resulted in earlier misinterpreta¬ 
tions concerning their taxonomic affinities (Snow 
2004). However. Prum and Lanyon (1989). based 
on a morphological phylogeny. suggested Lanio- 
cera and Laniisoma are sister taxa with the genus 
Schiffomis sister to the Laniocera-Laniisoma clade. 
This hypothesis was corroborated by two molecular 
phylogenies (Barber and Rice 2007, Tello et al. 
2009). A similarly bulky nest occurs in several 
species although nesting is incompletely known for 
all taxa (Londono and Cadena 2003). 
The juvenile/immaturc plumage usually resem¬ 
bles that of the adult female in all of the other 
species currently placed in the Tityridae, i.e., 
Tityra spp., purpletufts (fodopleura spp.). becards 
(Pachyramphus spp.). Whitc-naped Xenopsaris 
(Xenopsaris albinucha). Myiobius spp., Tereno- 
triccus spp.. royal-flycatchers (<Onychorhynchus 
spp.), Sharpbi 11 (Oxyruncus cristatus), and the 
Schiffomis spp. 
Not all ol these taxa are universally accepted 
to be part of the Tityridae with, for instance 
Oxyruncus cri status, at limes being accorded its 
own family, Oxyruncidae (e.g., Kirwan and Green 
201 I. Remsen et al. 201 I). Many of these species 
present juvcnile/immalure plumages that are even 
more inconspicuous than those of females, 
exhibiting darker (Tityra spp.), browner (Xenop¬ 
saris albinucha ), or more greenish (Barred 
Becard. Pachyramphus versicolor) plumage. The 
differences between juveniles and females in 
other species, are chiefly reflected in the most 
colorful tracts of plumage, for instance Black- 
tailed Myiobius (Myiobius atricaudus). in which 
the juvenile lacks yellow in the coronal patch, or 
in Oxyruncus cristatus. in which juveniles lack 
any red or orange in the crown. The only group 
that presents conspicuous marks in their plumage 
is the genus lodopleura. Juveniles of two of the 
three species—White-browed Purpletuft (/. isa- 
bellae ), and Buff-throated Purpletuft (/. pi pro )— 
possess rather conspicuous, white- or buff-tipped 
feathers, hut do not resemble the juveniles of L 
hypopyrra and L. elegans. The juvenile of the 
Dusky Purpletuft (/. fusca) is presently unknown, 
although the nest has been recently described, and 
is identical to those of the other two species 
(Ingels and Vinot 2010). We suspect the juvenile 
of this species is unlikely to differ greatly from the 
