Hess el at. • MOVEMENTS OF THE HAWAIIAN GOOSE 
485 
The net effect of movements to high-elevation 
areas during the non-breeding season may be 
enhanced survival. Lowland breeding sites may 
confer higher long-term reproductive success, al¬ 
though this is largely dependent on the intensity of 
predator control. Measures of indiv idual fitness may 
be able to disentangle the multiple factors associated 
with benefits of migration. Re-establishment of 
lowland breeding sites appears to have a central role 
in recovery of range-wide traditional movements in 
Nene, and remains an important conservation 
priority for this species (USD1 2004). Restoration 
of endangered tropical species throughout the 
entirety of their altitudinal range may be important 
for re-establishing behaviors including seasonal 
movements, and may benefit species recovery. 
AC KNOW LF. DO M ENTS 
Funding for this project was provided by Park Oriented 
Biological Support and the Natural Resources Preservation 
Program of the National Park Service and the L'.S. 
Geological Survey. We acknowledge Hawui'i Division ol 
Forestry and Wildlife, Three Mountain Alliance. Ilakalau 
Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Big Island Country Club, 
and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park for data and access to 
field sites. The LJ.S. Army Pdhakulou Training Area 
provided satellite transmitters for this research. We also 
thank K. W. Brinck, L. S. Elliott. E T. Polhemiis, and II. Sin 
for assistance and two anonymous reviewers for many 
helpful comments. Use of trade, product, or firm names in 
this publication is for descriptive purposes and docs not 
imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 
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