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THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY • Vol. 124. No. 3. September 2012 
TABLE 2. Activities of male Cerulean Warblers among vegetative strata, in core areas of territories, and in association 
with canopy gaps, Wetzel County. West Virginia, May-June 2005. The standardized residual (SR) values farthest from zero 
indicate the greatest differences between observed and expected values (numbers of observations) of individual cells, 
Vegetative strata 
Core area use 
Gap use 
Activiry 
Midstoty Lower-canopv Mid-canopy Upper-canopy 
Core 
Non-core 
Assoc. 
Not Assoc. 
Singing 
Observed 
62 
193 
Expected 
62.0 
205.3 
SR 
0.00 
-0.86 
Foraging 
Observed 
15 
47 
Expected 
12.7 
42.1 
SR 
0.64 
0.76 
Perching 
Observed 
6 
25 
Expected 
5.6 
18.5 
SR 
0.18 
1.52 
Preening 
Observed 
1 
13 
Expected 
3.7 
12.2 
SR 
-1.40 
0.23 
173 
94 
282 
175.7 
79.0 
261.4 
-0.20 
1.69 
1.28 
35 
10 
31 
36.0 
16.2 
48.7 
-0.17 
-1.54 
-2.53 
15 
1 
19 
15.8 
7.1 
21.2 
-0.21 
-2.29 
-0.47 
15 
2 
14 
10.4 
4.7 
14.8 
1.41 
-1.24 
-0.21 
212 162 332 
232.7 157.9 336.1 
-1.35 0.33 -0.23 
61 33 59 
43.3 29.4 62.6 
2.68 0.66 -0.45 
21 11 29 
18.8 12.8 27.2 
0.50 -0.50 0.34 
14 3 25 
13.2 9.0 19.1 
0.22 -1.99 1.36 
We calculated standardized residuals for each 
cell with the equation ([observed-expected|/ v ex¬ 
pected) lor each significant Chi-square test (Rey¬ 
nolds 1977, Newman and Waters 1984, Smith 
and Iverson 2004). The farther the value of the 
standardized residual from zero, the more impor¬ 
tant the difference between the observed and 
expected cell value was to the outcome of the test. 
Values > ±1, especially those approaching ±2, 
are considered important while values near zero 
indicate little difference between observed and 
expected values (AcaStat Software 2004, Smith 
and Iverson 2004). 
KUisUL TS 
We collected observations of activities, ti 
species, and vegetative strata for 20 Cerule 
Warbler males on Hart Ridge and 9 on Sna 
Ridge. We obtained sufficient locations to deli 
eate territories for 14 males on Hart Ridge a 
seven males on Snake Ridge. 
Singing was the most common of the 
act,vm„ rec ° rdcd Mowed by foraging (1 
ote I). These two activities comprised 81.6% 
surh rVatl ° nS at b ° th sites ‘ Maintenance behavic 
-uch as preening and bathing were rare 
served. Matmg and territorial behaviors (dan 
ng, interaction with female, aggressive intera 
wi,h —<•)1.7* 
observed one instance of an interspecific interac¬ 
tion when a Cerulean Warbler male was chased by 
a male Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea). 
The majority of observations on both sites 
(70%) occurred in the lower- and mid-canopy 
strata (Table I). Mules rarely were delected in (lie 
understory stratum and this class was omitted 
from analyses. Activity differed among vegetative 
strata (x* = 20.18. df = 9. P = 0.02). The upper- 
canopy was used more frequently than expected 
tor singing and less than expected for foraging, 
perching, and preening (Table 2). The lower- 
canopy was used more frequently than expected 
lor perching and the mid-canopy for preening. 
Activity differed between core and non-core 
areas (yj = 17.64. df =3 ,P = 0.0005). Foraging, 
which had the strongest difference between 
observed and expected cell values, occurred more 
often than expected outside of core areas and less 
than expected within core areas (Table 2). Singing 
was observed more than expected within core 
areas and less than expected outside of core areas- 
Perching and preening occurred equally among 
core and non-core portions of the territory. 
Use of vegetative strata for singing differed 
between core and non-core areas ()( ; = 10.94. dl 
3- P = 0.012) and in association with canopy 
gaps (x : = 26.87, df = 3, P < 0.001). Singing in 
the upper-canopy was observed more often than 
