Arbelaez-Cortes and Marin-Gomez • MIXED-SPECIES BIRD FLOCKS 
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FIG. 1. Study area. El Mirador-Pdramo de Frontino section (3.000-3,450 m) in the Alto Quindio. Salento municipality, 
Quindio. central Andes of Colombia, where mixed bird nocks were surveyed between 2005 and 2007. Inset map shows 
location of Quindio in Colombia. 
We conducted observations Irom 0600-0630 
(COT) to 1500-1800 hrs while walking along a 
path (Fig. 1). We studied mixed-species bird 
flocks by observations through binoculars when 
there was extreme multi-species bird activity. A 
mixed-species bird flock was defined as a 
heterospecific group of individuals actively mov¬ 
ing and showing evidence of cohesion (e.g.. 
