680 
THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY • Vol 124. No. 4. December 2012 
2008) could be used to confirm the source of the 
leeward woodland population, as well as reveal 
taxonomic differences in the scrub alpine and 
forest populations. 
Avian frugivores and specialists on Hawaii 
Island have had numerous extinctions (Banko and 
Banko 2009), and - Oma‘o is currently Hawaii 
Island's sole native seed disperser (Gorresen et al. 
2009) . Gone are the Greater Koa-Finch (Rhoda- 
canthis palmeri). Lesser Koa-Finch (R. flaviceps). 
Kona Grosbeak ( Chloridopx kona ), and Ula-'ai- 
hawane (Ciridops anna) (Banko and Banko 
2009). The only other native omnivore capable 
of seed dispersal, the ’Alala ( Corvus hawaiiensis), 
is extinct in the wild and only persists in captivity 
(Banko et al. 2002). Recognition of the full extent 
°f the range and population size of ‘Oma'o is 
encouraging because of the potential for conser¬ 
vation of the species, and restoration of its role in 
native plant propagation and ecosystem function 
in leeward habitats. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
We thank T. K. Pratt and F. R. Warshauer for 
discussions on ‘Oma'o distribution and the scrub alpine 
population. We thank C. M. Kudray. K. L. Kozar. and C. J. 
Nash of the Pacific Island Network Inventory and 
Monitoring Program. We thank R. K. Loh. H. M. Hoshidc, 
and A. W. Ramos of the Resource Management Division 
Of Hawa.-i Volcanoes National Park for site permission 
and logistical support We also thank B. IT Hsu. N. C. 
Chatterson. C. M. Jenson, and J. X. Wu for contributions 
m the field. We thank P. J. Hart, T. K. Pratt, and two 
anonymous reviewers for comments on an eurlv draft of 
this manuscript. This project was conducted under a 
cooperative agreement between the University of Hawaii 
at Hilo (Hawaii-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystem 
Judies Unit), the U. S. Geological Survey and the National 
Park Service, Coopentu'vc Agreement Number H8080090(X)8. 
Any use ot trade, product, or firm names in this publication is 
tor desenptive purposes only and does no. imply endorsement 
by the U.S. Government. 
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