128 
LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 
of either section occurring within our limits, and the section of which Faustus , Olive, 
is the type we name Madais , putting them into three sections : Callosune , type Danae, 
Fabricius ; Colotis , type Amata, Fabricius ; and Madais , type Faustus , Olive ; the males 
of the first section have no sex marks or secondary sexual characters; in Colotis the 
males bear patches of specialized scales or androconia on the upperside of the hind¬ 
wing ; in Madais there is a patch of androconia on the underside of the forewing and 
upperside of hindwing, and the different patterns and coloration form them into 
well-divided and natural groups. 
The species of these genera have been treated in a most arbitrary manner by 
Watson and Bingham; for the most part the species belong to desert tracts and 
sandy countries, but some few of them, such as Callosune Danae , are forest and 
garden insects, their habits of life are quite different to those of the Dulcis group 
which superficially resemble them; the present writer studied these forms in Bombay 
where Danae is to be found, and for many months in Scind where Dulcis and the 
other desert forms are very plentiful. The male of Danae has habits akin to the 
Kallimas of the family of Nymphalidse , it settles on a leaf on the top of a tree 
and remains there for days together, making short flights out and returning to the 
same spot. On one occasion a male of C. Danae in the garden of one of the Bombay 
hotels was closely watched for six successive days. On the other hand, the different 
forms of the Dulcis groups are most restless creatures, they seem to be perpetually 
on the move, wandering long distances without settling at all. Then, again, with 
reference to the seasonal forms we are in a little difficulty; that nearly all the species 
herein referred to have seasonal forms corresponding to the seasonal forms of the 
other groups of Lepidoptera there can be no reasonable manner of doubt. It is true 
that in the desert districts there is very little actual rainfall, but cloudy and clear 
sky seasons, and hot and cold seasons, come about with the same regularity as wet. and 
dry seasons in the other parts of the Indian region, and these changes affect the 
Teracoli exactly in the same manner ; there are some intergrades, but so there are in 
nearly all the forms of Lepidoptera. Bingham says, “A slight difference in the rain¬ 
fall from one week to another, probably even from day to day, in localities where they 
are found, seems to affect the shade of the ground-colour, the width and prominence or 
otherwise of the markings on their wings ” ; but he shows no warranty whatever for 
these assumptions, and does not quote the authority of any one who has observed 
them m the desert tracts they inhabit. In Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 434, we stated 
<£ the real home of the Teracoli is the sandy desert, and it is a most extraordinary 
fact that the worse the locality, where nature is a barren wilderness of nothing but 
intense he^it and sand, the more beautiful are the species to be found there, many of 
them having most brilliant patches of golden orange; regular sun patches, just as if 
these patches had been burnt into their wings by the sun,” 
