TRANSLATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL JOURNALS. 
57 
this has long since been elucidated, and his own observations 
agree with those of M. Genee, which are stated in the trea¬ 
tise on the age of the horse, and adopted by the authors of 
that work. 
At page 31 in the work 6 On the Age of the Horse/ we 
read the following :—“ The premolares, three on each side, 
have been long, on the authority of Aristotle, considered 
as permanent. Buffon, Bourgelat, Daubenton, &c., con¬ 
sidered them as such, notwithstanding that Ruini, in 1593* 
announced that two of them were shed. This error was 
persisted in until Tenon, in a peremptory manner, asserted 
the fact to be the contrary—that they are all three caducous.” 
Archiv f ur Thierheilkunde von der Gesellschaft Schweizerischer 
Thierdzte. Zurich, 1861, von R. Zangger. 
( f Archives of Veterinary Matters, by an Association of Swiss 
Veterinary Surgeons/) 
AN ESSAY ON INDIGESTION IN THE RUMINANTS. 
The author divides indigestion in the ruminants into 
two parts,—namely, 1st, with meteorization; 2nd, without 
meteorization. The first, he says, depends on the appen¬ 
dages to the true stomach, and may either be acute or chronic. 
The second is dependent on the fourth stomach and intes¬ 
tines, and is more or less accompanied by colic or diarrhoea, 
and sometimes vomiting. Obstruction in the third division, 
or omasum, is by the vulgar considered as a frequent cause 
of indigestion. By frequent examination of healthy beasts 
slaughtered at the butchers, the author shows that the con¬ 
tents of it are often dry and hard; and, on the contrary, he 
has had animals killed who had suffered from chronic meteori¬ 
zation, in which the contents of the omasum were found soft. 
It is curious to find amongst the predisposing causes of in¬ 
digestion, turnips and other succulent roots. According to 
the author, they are too relaxing, and weaken the digestive 
organs. He also condemns cut fodder as ill adapted for 
rumination, which is a necessity to the well-being of these 
animals. Cooked food, and the refuse of distilleries, breweries, 
&c., when given in too large quantities for fattening, are like¬ 
wise, he says, a frequent cause of indigestion, but the most 
immediate one is a retention of food in the rumen, or either 
in the rumen and the omasum at the same time. This, at 
the beginning of the attack, is only a mechanical obstruction, 
